Research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research project - Essay Example does not cure AIDS or eliminate the virus from the body. Higher rates of success have been achieved with a cocktail of a variety of medications, including both protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors. "Efavirenz (Sustiva), another type of reverse transcriptase inhibitor, must be taken with protease inhibitors or older AIDS medicines. Opportunistic infections are treated with various antibiotics and antivirals, and patients with malignancies may undergo chemotherapy. These measures may prolong life or improve the quality of life, but drugs for AIDS treatment may also produce painful or debilitating side effects." (Muir, 1991) Protease inhibitors, first approved in 1995, were designed for use in combination with reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The AIDS cocktail or triple-combination therapy, consists of a protease inhibitor and two reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as AZT and 3TC. Protease inhibitors work by disrupting the HIV replication cycle. "Protease is another enzyme that is essential in the replication of HIV, but rather than acting on the process of genetic transcription, protease is necessary for breaking down viral proteins into the proper components for the maturation of new virus particles." In the absence of protease, the formation of viral proteins is incomplete, slowing the process of the virus. When taken together, the actions of reverse transcriptase inhibitors work in the early stages of the syndrome, while protease inhibitors interrupt processes in the final stages of maturation of new virus particles. (Henkel, 1999) Clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of this combination therapy and resulted in an advancement in the... Elwood, William N., ed. Power in the Blood: A Handbook on AIDS, Politics, and Communication. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999. Questia. 9 Mar. 2007 . Mitchell, Christopher G., and Nathan L. Linsk. "A Multidimensional Conceptual Framework for Understanding HIV/AIDS as a Chronic Long-Term Illness." Social Work 49.3 (2004): 469+. Questia. 8 Mar. 2007 .

Why Are Drugs Classified in the Categories They Are Essay Example for Free

Why Are Drugs Classified in the Categories They Are Essay 1.Why are drugs classified in the categories they are? The term drug class generally refers to the area affected by a drug or its effect on the body (BIO-316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012). Many drugs can fit into more than one category, but they are usually classified by their therapeutic action. A drug’s therapeutic category refers to its purpose—the diseases or conditions it treats (Drug Classifications, 2013). Drugs can also be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient. 2.Give a description of the actions of drugs in each category. Central Nervous System: Anticonvulsants: These drugs are used to control/prevent seizures in patients who have epilepsy, seizure disorders, traumatic brain injuries, or other cerebral disorders ((BIO-316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012). Antidepressants: These drugs are used to treat neurotransmitter deficiencies (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). It can take weeks for the drug to reach the appropriate blood level to have the desired effect. Antianxiety/sedative medications: These drugs are used to treat anxiety disorders and sleep disorders. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines enhance the actions of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gammaaminobutyruc acid. Agents in both classes are effective sedative-hypnotics , antianxiety agents, and anticonvulsants. (Olson, J., 2012). Antipsychotics: These are medications that are used to treat psychotic episodes and serious mental disorders (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Schizophrenia is an example of a psychotic disorder that can be treated with an antipsychotic medication. Anti emetics: These drugs treat nausea and vomiting and help control motion sickness (Olson, J., 2012). Cardiovascular drugs: Antihypertensives: These include diuretics which reduce blood pressure and edema by increasing urine production. (Olson, J., 2012). Antiadrenergics: These medications increase blood pressure by stimulating the heart and/or constricting peripheral blood vessels. (Olson, J., 2012). Vasodilators: These drugs help lower one’s blood pressure by dilating the blood vessels (Olson, J., 2012). Vasoconstrictors: These help increase one’s blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels (Olson, J., 2012). Anti-anginals: Nitrates dilate large myocardial arteries to increase blood supply to the  heart. They also reduce cardiac preload by reducing venous tone which allows blood pooling in the periphery (Olson, J., 2012). Anti-arrhythmias: These drugs influence cardiac conduction properties and may revert an abnormal rhythm to sinus rhythm (Olson, J., 2012). Anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and thrombolytics: Anticoagulants inhibit coagulation, antiplatelets prevent platelet aggregation and thrombolytics degrade clots that have already formed (Olson, J., 2012). All of these drugs need to be given carefully to avoid causing excessive bleeding. They should not be given to patients with ulcers, patients who are pregnant, or those who are suffering from a hemorrhagic stroke (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Lipid Lowering Agents: These drugs help one reduce blood cholesterol when diet and exercise control fail (Olson, J., 2012). Analgesic medications: Analgesic medications are commonly known as pain relievers. Many are over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Others are given to the patient by prescription for pain relief (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Narcotic medications stimulate central nervous system receptors known as opioid receptors and cause a decrease in the perception of pain. An overdose of narcotics can result in suppression of the respiratory system, leading to respiratory arrest (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alleviate pain associated with inflammation (e.g., Aleve). They are used to relieve arthritis and other joint pain. Acetaminophen is a common pain reliever that does not cause bleeding. It is often given instead of NSAIDs (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Antihistamines and Endocrine medications: Antihistamine medications block the immune responses of itching, hives, and swelling caused by the release of histamines. These are available OTC (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Diabetes and hypothyroidism are two glandular conditions that are often observed by the health care professional. Antidiabetic medications are necessary for patients who cannot balance their blood sugar and tissue sugar. Insulin is the medication prescribed for insulin-dependent diabetes (type-1 diabetes) (BIO-316V Module  Lecture, 2012). Hypothyroidism is controlled by common hormone preparations designed to enhance thyroid function. The most common of these is thyroxin (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Hyperthyroidism is typically controlled by a medication called methimazole and it inhibits transformation of inorganic iodine to organic iodine (Olson, J., 2012). Bronchodilators help open constricted airways in patients who have respiratory constriction such as asthma and/or COPD (Olson, J., 2012). Vasopressin is a drug which promotes reabsorption of water in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys and vasoconstricts blood vessels. Vasopressin and DDAVP are synthetic analogs of arginine vasopressin used to treat diabetes insipidus. (Olson, J., 2012). Desmopressin is used to treat acute epistaxis and GI hemorrhage and also used to maintain hemostasis during surgery in patients who have hemophilia A and Von Willebrand’s disease (Olson, J., 2012). Oxytocin induces contraction in the gravid uterus and promotes milk ejaculation from the post partum breast (Olson, J., 2012). Oral contraceptives hel p prevent pregnancy (Olson, J., 2012). Corticosteroids: These include Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Prednisolone, Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone, and Fludrocortisone. These medications are typically used for respiratory issues such as asthma, and a few of them care also used as an anti-inflammatory agent to help reduce swelling and allow the patient to breathe better. Prednisone is the drug of choice for maintenance therapy of severe asthma. Prednisone doesn’t just help reduce swelling in the lungs; however, it can be used for other inflammatory issues all over the body (Olson, J., 2012). Anti infective agents: Antibiotics are drugs used to fight infections caused by bacteria. As their name implies, antibiotics are anti-life agents as far as bacteria are concerned (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Antifungal drugs are used to combat all sorts of fungal infections, from athletes foot to histoplasmosis. They are being used more often now in the combating of AIDS-related fungal infections (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Antiviral agents fight viral disease at the cellular level. Viruses enter into cells and propagate within them. Antibiotics have no effect on a virus once it has entered a cell. Antiviral agents are designed to interfere with the  replication of viruses (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Chemotherapy Agents: Chemotherapy is typically used to treat cancer. This is achieved by using a combination of drugs that are most toxic to the particular cancer cells of an individual patient. They are very potent and could be harmful to the caregiver (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). GI Agents: Antidiarrheals: These drugs help control diarrhea amd most are sold OTC, although there are a few that can be prescribed and are more potent than the OTC drugs (Olson, J., 2012). Laxatives: These drugs are the opposite of antidiarrheals, as they help a patient who is unable to have a bowel movement (Olson, J., 2012). Antacids provide symptomatic relief of gastric acid irritation (Olson, J., 2012). Anti ulcer drugs help treat or prevent ulcers by either neutralizing gastric acid or preventing the production of acid (Olson, J., 2012). 3.What is chemotherapy and which diseases are treated this way? Chemotherapy by definition is the combination of two or more drugs used to treat a disease (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Most anticancer agents act by inhibiting cell proliferation by either damaging DNA or preventing DNA repair (Olson, J., 2012). Chemotherapeutic regimens often consist of several agents that have different mechanisms of action and minimize overlapping toxic effects (Olson, J., 2012). Most anticancer drugs cause bone marrow suppression which is why bone marrow sparing drugs are often included in combination regimens (OIson, J., 2012). Chemotherapy is used to treat cancer. 4.Give examples of how contrast media are used to produce an image. Contrast studies provide some information that standard x-rays cannot. During a contrast study, you get a dose of a contrast material that outlines, highlights, or fills in parts of the body so that they show up more clearly on an x-ray. The contrast material may be given by mouth, as an enema, as an injection,or through a catheter put into various tissues of the body. For most of these tests, the images can be captured either on x-ray film or by a computer (American Cancer Society, 2013). An image is produced on a radiograph when the content of iodine in the blood is sufficient to  prevent the penetration of the photons emitted by the X-ray tube (BIO 316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012). 5.Compare ionic and non-ionic contrast media. Ionic contrast media carry the iodine to the organ that is to be visualized. In the chemical attachment of the iodine to the water molecule, positive cations are produced as a side effect. Non-ionic does not mean that the contrast media contain no iodine; rather, it means that non-ionic contrast media contain no positive cations to disrupt the balance of the blood plasma. The immune system does not recognize it as foreign matter and is usually not aroused (BIO 316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012). References: American Cancer Society, 2013. Retrieved on September 6, 2013 from http://www.cancer.org/treatment/understandingyourdiagnosis/examsandtestdescriptions/i magingradiologytests/imaging-radiology-tests-xrays BIO-316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012. Grand Canyon University. Drug Classifications, 2013. Anthem Education. Retrieved on September 6, 2013 from http://www.anthem.edu/pharmacy-technician-school/drug-classifications/

Character of Beloved in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay -- Toni Morrison

The Character of Beloved in Toni Morrison's Beloved Perhaps one of the most important issues in Toni Morrison's award-winning novel Beloved is Morrison's intentional diversity of possible interpretations. However the text is looked at and analyzed, it is the variety of these multiple meanings that confounds any simple interpretation and gives the novel the complexity. The debate rages on over many topics, but one issue of central and basic importance to the understanding of the novel is defining the different possibilities for interpreting the title character. As Robert Broad recognizes, "the question, "Who the hell is Beloved?" must haunt the reader of the novel," and the reader must come to some basic understanding of her character to appreciate the difficult stream of consciousness sections (Broad 189). But there may be no "basic" understanding available of Beloved, for she is a character that ostensibly refuses any single identity, either literal or symbolic. The critical debate on the topic is no more conclusive, and there is a sharp divide in the interpretations of the very nature of Beloved. Deborah Horvitz was one of the first to write on Beloved, and in 1989 she set the stage for much of the later criticism by assuming the supernatural origins of Beloved. Her essay "Nameless Ghosts: Possession and Dispossession in Beloved" extended Sethe's realization that Beloved is her dead daughter to include also the "Sixty Million and more" of the dedication (Morrison vi). Beloved is all African women who have died in the middle passage, and the families of those taken, and Sethe's mother. She returns for several reasons, some positive, some not. She is memory made corporeal, and it is through her that Sethe can first rememb... ...n Contemporary Fiction. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 127-157. Horvitz, Deborah. "Nameless Ghosts: Possession and Dispossession in Beloved." Toni Morrison: Beloved. Ed. Carl Plasa. Columbia Critical Guides. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. 59-66. House, Elizabeth B. "Toni Morrison's Ghost: The Beloved Who is Not Beloved." Toni Morrison: Beloved. Ed. Carl Plasa. Columbia Critical Guides. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. 66-71. Mbalia, Doreatha D. Toni Morrison's Developing Class Consciousness. Selinsgrove: Associated University Presses, 1991. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Plume, 1988. OED Online. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00241438. Oxford University Press, 2001. Osagie, Ilyunolu. "Is Morrison Also Among the Prophets?: "Psychoanalytic" Strategies in Beloved." African American Review. 28.3 (1994): 423-440.

Differences Between Cyclops’

The comparison of Cyclops’ from historical contexts to new media In Greek mythology, the Cyclops was a member of the giant race, every one of them having one eye in the middle of their heads. The Cyclops’ were gigantic monsters who originated from Sicily which consumed human beings. Because of their horrific appearance there were banished to the underworld, but later set free from their prison by the Greek gods. In the X-Men series, the Cyclops is a character that is portrayed as a superhero. Published by Marvel comics, the Cyclops is a field agent leader who has a superpower from generated energy which is emitted through a laser beam.This energy comes directly from his eyes. This one eyed appearance is why he is called â€Å"Cyclops† as it originally comes from the one eyed Greek mythological monster. Cyclops is a sign of natural strength and force. In the X-Men series Cyclops is considered as one the members of the powerful circle of heroes. This strength was i nnate, Cyclops knew about this power from a young age, so he joined with the other cluster of superheroes to train and develop this power into a way in which society could benefit. In a sense this power is man-made; Cyclops developed a laser over his eyes as he could not expose his eyes to sunlight.This man-made creation therefore represents modern technology in society, as without societies’ innovative inventions, modern technology cannot expand. This in comparison to Cyclops in Greek mythology differs as the Cyclops’ forces and strengths are not man-made they are in fact raw and natural. The Cyclops from Greek mythology are said to be humongous and strong with natural force. The Cyclops’ appearance shows an insight to the promoted era. In the newly developed interpretation of the Cyclops, he is portrayed as a normal person with humanistic traits.Cyclops wears clothes such as pants, shirts, and jackets thus looking like a human. Also, Cyclops is portrayed with muscles and handsome to give that modern day attraction factor for its audience. He is also shown wearing sunglasses to cover his eyes to make him look even more fashionable to relate to modern day society. We can link this too the society of today as universally, the world is judged by fashion. As the Cyclops from the X-Men series is shown as a fashionable character, the audience can relate to him and this takes away that actually he is a monster in disguise.The Greek mythological representation of the Cyclops is comprised as a giant, ugly looking, one-eyed monster that has no teeth and no clothes. This is the total opposite to how the Cyclops is portrayed in modern day media through movies and comics. This shows the transformation of contemporary normalities from the before Christ era, to modern society. It is a social normality to be fashionable and to look good. So, by Cyclops adapting these qualities through his character in X-Men it derives a link between the character and soc ial conformities.The Cyclops represents a certain level of vulnerability. Cyclops from Greek mythology has one eye which we can indicate that the monster is somewhat exposed to the things around him. It is said that because Cyclops has only one eye, this therefore represents people who see through only one perspective. This narrow mind relates to susceptibility in actions as only having one eye limits the vision. The X-Men figure also has this exposure; in his case if his glasses or laser is removed he will be harmed by the light as it will burn his eyes.This shows vulnerability. This relates to humanistic traits in modern day society as everyone is assailable to things in life and it just shows even a monster can be too. So for the monster to be portrayed in such a way, it suggests that we are no different from the monster, and the monster is inside of us. The way the Cyclops is presented in new media represents technological expansion. The Cyclops from Greek mythology is portrayed to have no weapons, no clothes or no powers. As this era of living was before Christ, technology of any sort was a myth.On the other hand, Cyclops from X-Men is shown to have a laser as an eye, armour with his costume and other kinds of machinery. This relates to modern society as it shows how digital technology has enlarged over the generations. This also ties in to the monster having humanistic traits, as most of the innovative ideas of design and creative come from the human brain, all in which are presented with the Cyclops. Also, we can unravel that this represents the economic growth of the world. Without the funds, technology cannot expand and inventions cannot be made.Back in time this couldn’t have been possible as the money was non-existent. After uncovering all of these concepts, it’s clear that the representation of the Cyclops has come a long way from Greek mythology to the way modern day society is exposed to this monster in contemporary media. The new a nd improved Cyclops represents how humans have adapted from generation to generation, from innovative design, wealth and appearance. The director does a great job in tying these traits of the Cyclops together and linking them with the surrounding audience.The director uses all these humanistic views through the Cyclops very cleverly as the audience can relate to all of traits portrayed, from vulnerability to the cares of appearance, the urge to look good. Modern audiences are exposed to the Greek mythological representation of the Cyclops as a huge, ugly, raw character. So for them to be displayed to contemporary audiences through the X-Men version it gives them a better understanding of the origins of the Cyclops and how the visual adaptation has been altered to satisfy social normalities.

Recontructionism Essay

The role of the student in a Reconstructionist learning environment. The role of the student in the reconstructionist learning environment is to be an active participant. Students are encouraged to think critically about the world in which they live in and how it can be changed for the better. Students learn how to be problem solvers and decision makers. It is common for students to be challenged on their thoughts and feelings regarding topics. Acquisition of strong moral values are also encouraged through teaching. Reconstructionist encourages social activism among its students. It is not uncommon for students to learn while doing, such as organizing a food drive for the local homeless shelter. Progressivism With the Laboratory School set the stage for the progressive education movement. Based on the view that educators, like scientists, need a place to test their ideas, Dewey’s Laboratory School eventually became the most famous experimental school in the history of U. S. education, a place where thousands observed Dewey’s innovations in school design, methods, and curriculum. Although the school remained under Dewey’s control for only eight years and never enrolled more than 140 students (ages 3 to 13) in a single year, its influence was enormous. Dewey designed the Lab School with only one classroom but with several facilities for experiential learning: a science laboratory, an . Progressivism organizes schools around the concerns, curiosity, and real-world experiences of students. The progressive teacher facilitates learning by helping students formulate meaningful questions and devise strategies to answer those questions. Answers are not drawn from lists or even Great Books; they are discovered through real world experience. Progressivism is the educational application of a philosophy called pragmatism. According to pragmatism, the way to determine if an idea has merit is simple: test it. If the idea works in the real world, then it has merit. Both pragmatism and progressivism originated in America, the home of a very practical and pragmatic people. John Dewey refined and applied pragmatism to education, establishing what became known as progressivism. John Dewey was a reformer with a background in philosophy and psychology who taught that people learn best through social interaction in the real world. Dewey believed that because social learning had meaning, it endured. Book learning, on the other hand, was no substitute for actually doing things. Progressivisms do not believe that the mind can be disciplined through reading Great Books, rather that the mind should be trained to analyse experience thoughtfully and draw conclusions objectively. Dewey saw education as an opportunity to learn how to apply previous experiences in new ways. Dewey believed that students, facing an ever-changing world, should master the scientific method: (1) Become aware of a problem; (2) define it; (3) propose various hypotheses to solve it; (4) examine the consequences of each hypothesis in the light of previous experience; and (5) test the most likely solution. (For a biography of John Dewey, see the Hall of Fame: Profiles in Education in Chapter 4. ) Dewey regarded democracy and freedom as far superior to the political ideas of earlier times. Dewey saw traditional, autocratic, teacher-cantered schools as the antithesis of democratic ideals. He viewed progressive schools as a working model of democracy. Dewey wrote: To imposition from above is opposed expression and cultivation of individuality; to external discipline is opposed free activity; to learning from texts and teachers, learning through experience; to acquisition of isolated skills and techniques by drill is opposed acquisition of them as means of attaining ends which make direct vital appeal; to preparation for a more or less remote future is op-posed making the most of the opportunities of present life; to statistics and materials is opposed acquaintance with a changing world. The Progressive Classroom Walk into a progressivism classroom, and you will not find a teacher standing at the front of the room talking to rows of seated students. Rather, you will likely see children working in small groups, moving about and talking freely. Some children might be discussing a science experiment, while another group works on a model volcano, and a third pre-pares for a presentation. Interest centres would be located throughout the room, filled with books, materials, software, and projects designed to attract student interest on a wide array of topics. Finally you notice the teacher, walking around the room, bending over to talk with individual students and small groups, asking questions and making suggestions. You sense that the last thing on her mind is the standardized state test scheduled for next week. Progressivisms build the curriculum around the experiences, interests, and abilities of students, and encourage students to work together cooperatively. Teachers feel no compulsion to focus their students’ attention on one discrete discipline at a time, and students integrate several subjects in their studies. Thought-provoking activities augment reading, and a game like Monopoly might be used to illustrate the principles of capitalism versus socialism. Computer simulations, field trips, and interactive websites on the Internet offer realistic learning challenges for students, and build on students’ multiple intelligences. Progressivism in Action: The Laboratory School In 1896, while a professor at the University of Chicago, Dewey founded the Laboratory School as a testing ground for his educational ideas. Dewey’s writings and his work art room, a wood-working shop, and a kitchen. Children were likely to make their own weights and measures in the laboratory, illustrate their own stories in the art room, build a boat in the shop, and learn chemistry in the kitchen. They were unlikely to learn through isolated exercises or drills, which, according to Dewey, students consider irrelevant. Since Dewey believed that students learn from social interaction, the school used many group methods such as cooperative model-making, field trips, role playing, and dramatizations. Dewey maintained that group techniques make the students better citizens, developing, for example, their willingness to share responsibilities. Children in the Laboratory School were not promoted from one grade to another after mastering certain material. Rather, they were grouped according to their individual interests and abilities. For all its child-cantered orientation, however, the Laboratory School remained hierarchical in the sense that the students were never given a role comparable to that of the staff in determining the school’s educational practices. Social Reconstructionism Social reconstructionism encourages schools, teachers, and students to focus their studies and energies on alleviating pervasive social inequities, and as the name implies, reconstruct society into a new and more just social order. Al-though social reconstructionist agree with progressivists that schools should concentrate on the needs of students, they split from progressivism in the 1920s after growing impatient with the slow pace of change in schools and in society. George Counts, a student of Dewey, published his classic book, Dare the Schools Build a New Social Order? in which he outlined a more ambitious, and clearly more radical, approach to education. Counts’s book, written in 1932, was no doubt influenced by the human cost of the Great Depression. He proposed that schools focus on reforming society, an idea that caught the imagination and sparked the ideals of educators both in this country and abroad. Social challenges and problems provide a natural (and moral) direc tion for curricular and instructional activities. Racism, sexism, environmental pollution, homelessness, poverty, substance abuse, homophobia, AIDS and violence are rooted in misinformation and thrive in ignorance. Therefore, social reconstructionists believe that school is the ideal place to begin ameliorating social problems. The teacher’s role is to explore social problems, suggest alternate perspectives, and facilitate student analysis of these problems. While convincing, cajoling, or moralizing about the importance of addressing human tragedy would be a natural teacher response, such adult-led decision-making flies in the face of reconstructionist philosophy. A social reconstructionist teacher must model democratic principles. Students and teachers are expected to live and learn in a democratic culture; the students themselves must select educational objectives and social priorities. The Social Reconstructionist Classroom A social reconstructionist teacher creates lessons that both intellectually inform and emotionally stir students about the inequities that surround them. A class might read a book and visit a photojournalist’s exhibit portraying violent acts of racism. If the book, exhibit and the class discussion that follows move the students, the class might choose to pursue a long-term project to investigate the problem. One group of students might analyse news coverage of racial and ethnic groups in the community. Another student group might conduct a survey analysing community perceptions of racial groups and race relations. Students might visit city hall and examine arrest and trial records in order to determine the role race plays in differential application of the law. Students might examine government records for information about housing patterns, income levels, graduation rates and other relevant statistics. The teacher’s role would be as facilitator: assisting students in focusing their questions, developing a strategy, helping to organize visits, and ensuring that the data collected and analysed meet standards of objectivity. Throughout, the teacher would be instructing students on research techniques, statistical evaluation, writing skills, and public communications. In a social reconstructionist class, a research project is more than an academic exercise; the class is engaged in a genuine effort to improve society. In this case, the class might arrange to meet with political leaders, encouraging them to create programs or legislation to respond to issues the students uncovered. The students might seek a pro bono attorney to initiate legal action to remedy a social injustice they unmasked. Or perhaps the students might take their findings directly to the media by holding a press conference. They might also create a Web page to share their findings and research methods with students in other parts of the country, or other parts of the world. How would the teacher decide if the students have met the educational goals? In this example, an objective, well-prepared report would be one criterion, and reducing or eliminating a racist community practice would he a second measure of success. Social Reconstructionism in Action: Paulo Freire Paulo Freire believed that schools were just another institution perpetuating social inequities while serving the interests of the dominant group. Like social reconstructionism itself, Freire’s beliefs grew during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when he experienced hunger and poverty first-hand. Influenced by Marxist and neo-Marxist ideas, Freire accused schools of perpetuating the status quo views of the rich and powerful â€Å"for the purpose of keeping the masses submerged and content in a culture of silence. † Schools were endorsing social Darwinism, the idea that society is an ingenious â€Å"sorting† system, one in which the more talented rise to the top, while those less deserving find themselves at the bottom of the social and economic pecking order. The conclusion: Those with money de-serve it, those without money deserve their lot in life, and poverty is a normal, preordained part of reality. Freire rejected this conclusion. He did not believe that schools should be viewed as â€Å"banks,† where the privileged deposit ideas like social Darwinism to he spoon fed into the limited minds of the dispossessed. He envisioned schools as a place where the poor can acquire the skills to regain control of their lives and influence the social and economic forces that locked them in poverty in the first place. Freire engaged the poor as equal partners in dialogues that explored their economic and social problems and possible solutions. Freire believed in praxis, the doctrine that when actions are based on sound theory and values, they can make a real difference in the world. (It is no accident that the term praxis is also the name given to the teacher competency tests required by many states. ) Freire’s ideas took hold not only in his native Brazil, but in poor areas around the globe. As poor farm workers became literate and aware, they organized for their self-improvement, and began to work for change. It is not surprising that the autocratic leaders of his country eventually forced him into exile, for he had turned schooling into a liberating force. For a biography of Paulo Freire, see the Hall of Fame: Profiles in Education in Chapter 4. ) How Can Education Reduce Crime? A major proposition for solving the crime epidemic has always been a call for more education: however does a more educated society mean a lawful society? Schools as institutions are merely a microcosm of society and as such must inherently reflect the attitudes and behavior of the public, including stealing from each other beating up on each other, dealing in contraband and sexually violating each other. Students flout school regulations and/or national laws. One can now ponder which comes first, the chicken or the egg? Does the deviant student become the criminal? Or does the criminal modeling within society create the deviant student? Students however are not the only perpetrators of crime in schools. Teachers represent authority figures in the system, and like in wider society, they may abuse their power and break school rules as well. These unfortunate events again raise questions. What causes a teacher to give unfair advantages to his favorite students? What causes the politician/policeman to pardon his criminal friend or allow him unfair advantages? What causes authority figures to victimize members of a certain groups? In the end, we need to view the issues of crime in school and crime in society as interlinked. Viewed in this context, the solution of increased education on its own to mitigate crime, seems less feasible. A favorable learning environment, coupled with specialized teaching techniques can lower deviance and increase the rule of law. Students are more likely to succeed when they feel connected to the school and the learning process. This connection reflects students’ belief that school administrations care about them as individuals. Teachers are central to creating a clear classroom structure. They must build connectedness in the classroom and encourage team-learning exercises to break down social isolation by integrating student teams across gender, academic ability, and ethnicity. A supportive school administration must not allow a young person to ‘fail’, or students will inadvertently believe in’ winners and losers’. This assumption sets up a dysfunctional dichotomy: the ‘winners’ or the academically proficient become ‘nerds’ and ‘losers’. A positive, nurturing school culture with students experiencing connectedness to their school will create a positive, nurturing society with citizens experiencing connectedness to their communities and by extension, their country. Studies show a high proportion of students positively connected to their school are likely to increase academic performance and school competition rates and decrease incidents of fighting, bullying, vandalism and absenteeism. There is strong evidence, applicable across racial, ethnic and income groups that students who feel connect to school are less likely to exhibit disruptive behavior. Implementing civic education, particularly education about the rule of law into school curricula is used in Latin America and Asia as a predominant technique to foster knowledge and attitudes that prevent crime and corruption, protect human rights and enrich and enhance formal democracy. In Trinidad and Tobago, the education system has consistently separated schools and students into vocation and university tracks and as such, avoided providing all students with the same core curriculum and setting inclusive academic standards. This form of ‘informed prejudice’ has created, over the past decades, a society of confident and ‘inferior’ citizens, professionals and dropouts, favored ‘old-boy’ graduates and ‘neglected strugglers. ’ Without a significant paradigm shift in the education system, the levels of crime in schools and society will increase or remain constant, students will always steal and teachers will always create as many or more problems than they solve. Higher levels of education do not guarantee less crime in society, but indeed a more effective education system that caters to both the students and teacher’s mental and psychological health, while fostering a greater understanding and appreciation for civic duty and the rule of law, is key for crime reduction. Advocates: Early education key to reducing crime The key to eradicating crime and violent behaviour, say organizers with the non-profit Fight Crime: Invest in Kids Pennsylvania, is to invest more resources in early care and child education. That was the theme earlier this week as Fight Crime visited the Penn Alexander School to unveil its findings in the multi-point plan, â€Å"High-Quality Early Care and Education: a Key To Reducing Crime in Pennsylvania. † The plan points to numerous nationwide studies which found that in Michigan, at-risk children not enrolled in high-quality programs were five times more likely to be chronic offenders by the age of 27; another report, this one based on Chicago, found that at-risk kids not participating in the city’s child-parent centre programs are 70 per cent more likely to be arrested for a violent crime by the age of 19. And since the School District of Philadelphia’s enrolment of at-risk/economically disadvantaged children currently sits at 80. 6 per cent – or 117,749 students – it only made sense for Philadelphia to be the first stop in a state-wide mission, said Fight Crime Pennsylvania State Director Bruce Clash. â€Å"Philadelphia is obviously important because it’s a big city, and important because so many kids here have unmet needs,† Clash said. â€Å"And that’s a travesty for them, their families and the community at large. Clashed praised the efforts of District Attorney Seth Williams in embracing the findings and for attending the unveiling, along with district superintendent Dr. William Hite Sr. and other elected and appointed officials. Williams and Hite were both unavailable for comment as of Tribune press time. The report illustrates in great detail the correlation between the lack of education and criminality and the positive effects reaped wh en limited resources are properly utilized, vital when only 17. 6 per cent of eligible 3- and 4-year-olds have access to high-quality publicly funded pre-K programs throughout the commonwealth. The report also shows that Pennsylvania spends more than $2. 3 billion on incarceration, but only $340 million on early childhood education. â€Å"Law enforcement leaders across Pennsylvania want to make sure more Pennsylvania children receive high-quality care and education in their early years – the help they need to succeed in life and avoid later crime and violence,† read a portion of the findings. â€Å"Despite strong evidence that high-quality early education can reduce future corrections costs in Pennsylvania and nationally, spending on corrections far surpasses spending on early education. The report further shows that, of criminals labelled chronic offenders by the age of 2, 35 per cent of them did not attend or participate in preschool programs; conversely, only 7 per cent of those that did attend such a program went on to be considered chronic offenders. The report suggests several ways to cut off young criminal pipeline, including increasing the number of quality teachers, better funding for federal early care, Pre-K and head start programs, better implementation of the Child Care and Development Block grant and more school districts taking part in the federal â€Å"Race To The Top† program. The thing most criminals have in common is the lack of a high school education. Not everyone who doesn’t get a diploma commits a crime, but there are more likely to commit a crime and be incarcerated,† Clash said. â€Å"So we targeted early childhood, with 40 years of research showing us that if you reach at-risk and economically disadvantaged children, 44 per cent more were likely to graduate because they have a foundation to build on, develop, grow from and attain the skills they need in life. Clash said inroads are being made, citing the recent, multi-million dollar funding of the state’s â€Å"Pre-K Counts† program and the various Head start initiatives. Those two programs are funded through a series of line items in the state budget. â€Å"Both of these funding streams are used by the School District of Philadelphia and by hundreds of school districts throughout the state, and many other districts use their own money for these programs,† Clash said. Momentum continues to grow, but the problem is that only 17 per cent of all Pennsylvanian three- and four-year-olds receive publicly-funded, high-quality Pre-K programming. â€Å"And in Philadelphia, it’s a huge, unmet need, since 3,100 kids are at the poverty line do not have access to pre-K programs because they are on a wait list,† Clash continued. â€Å"So this report makes the case of why law enforcement is so concerned about getting access to pre-K young kids. Long-term arrests come down, and behaviourally, the data shows a reduction in early aggressive behaviour. †

Composition Essay Sample on New Year Celebration

Composition Essay Sample on New Year Celebration The composition essay represents the area of writing work that requires to create a play, a novel, or a story based on personal experience. The field of work can also reveal the development of the writer in a particular sphere or address the needed issue through the pros and cons mode. The composition essay sample demonstrates the author’s ability to explain the perception regarding a specific topic systematically, show the variety of creative skills, and approach the tasks from the non-typical point. It also demonstrates proficiency in work with required sources and formats. The standard essay contains an introduction, several body paragraphs, and a conclusion. ‘The Pathetic New Year Is a Bliss’ Essay Sample Holidays represent the most stressful period in the lives of my relatives, colleagues, and friends. The choice of presents, places, time, and packages becomes extremely crucial, and can even outshine the event or celebration. Furthermore, the emotional component also becomes part of the problem. Such gatherings require everyone to remain in the same sector of psychological dynamics. Possible failure in this situation leads to the inevitable storm of questions, that can be too personal, and the unpleasant process of unwanted cheering up. Due to such facts, the level of stress grows to a critical point. Meantime, the best celebrations frequently can be a surprise: Valentine’s Day in pajamas with a close person and a declaration of love, or a surprise birthday party, that brings close people together and shows appreciation for the birthday celebrant. Although my personal experience of New Year’s celebrations always seems to connect with the parties, the evolution of its pe rception to the point of no celebratory dinner with friends and family leads to the best result of the last years. Childhood and Family My childhood was based on the romanticizing of the New Year. Famous pop-songs, films, TV programs, which are dedicated to the occasion, fuss around cooking and cleaning, careful choice of clothes, and all family around the table at midnight represent the details of our old celebrations. The close circle is obligatory. There is no place for any outsider or desire to leave for the other company. Due to such fact, the relatives and bonds become my first impressions of the celebration. All shows, which demonstrate friendly gatherings for the occasion, appear as distant and alien approaches to the tradition. They serve as fantasies of other people. I miss my grandparents and cousins as almost all year we are separated by distances and obligations. While the other kids whine about the celebration as they have to kiss a lot of uncles, aunts, clean their rooms, and be grateful for the unwanted gifts, I am enjoying every moment of these things. The first period of life regarding New Year brin gs the experience of love, closeness, and first memories about the most important aspects of life. However, the current phase is only the first step towards the realization of the holidays true meaning. The Fall of Santa’s Myth The following experience is the first hint of a crisis. One part of my family conflicts with the other for an extended period. Furthermore, I learn that the disappearance of the father during Santa’s visits is not a concatenation of circumstances. For some kids, the truth about his figure is nothing. Meanwhile, for me, the fact about Santa’s fantastic nature brings devastation. I am disappointed to learn that there is no Hobbiton. I become sad as parents reveal that there are no analogs of Hogwarts. The brother says that there are decades before any lightsaber will appear on the market. However, New Year after learning the truth about Santa is the most depressing memory of my childhood. Double that with the fact that we remain in the conflict with some of our relatives to understand my mood. During the last moments of that year, we all are not in the best place for the celebration. We do not stay long at the table. The dinner that day is quiet. We do not sing, share mem ories, or laugh. The current experience brings me closer to the discoveries of this New Year. Nevertheless, I still have miles to go. How Granny Makes Us a Family Again The next part is about the reconstruction of the broken bond between the families. However, the price for the restoration is too high. My granny dies due to a heart attack four days before New Year. We all turn into hollow ghosts, which cry, deny, beg the emptiness for forgiveness, and hug each other with shaking arms. Silence fills the place in the house. The lights and talks turn into whispers and sobs. There are no decorations, pop-songs, or presents. Even my little cousins do not ask anything about the gifts. The grandfather moves to our house as he is incapable of living at home, which treasures the memories of happiness. Eventually, we all find the powers to let everything go and start to laugh about the funny stories, in which granny is always young, energetic, and witty. After several years, we begin to celebrate the holiday as in the old times. Nonetheless, the youngest members of the family begin to grow up. We can all feel the tension, as teenagers are less interested in f amily gatherings. The period ends with adding another detail to the mosaic. The first loss, the reunion of the family, and teenage years change us. Rebel, Rebel The following part of my life in the context of the New Year is a pure rebellion. Our house turns into the place of war for my liberty. At the same time, my cousins also start listening to David Bowie’s songs, as the prototypes for their calls for freedom. It is the beginning of Woodstock in our heads. Each New Year during that period is an additional opportunity for the outrage, stupid actions, and bitterness of unwinnable dispute between children and their parents. The taste of freedom seems almost a fantasy. We do not understand the desire of the elder relatives to keep everything as it is. The teenagers see such hope as the display of selfishness. Moreover, we are confident that parents do not take us seriously. We will always remain toddlers in the diapers for them. We hate the songs, we detest the dishes, and we even begin to argue with each other. The war between everyone starts for us. At some point, the celebration in a previous manner becomes unbearable for everyone. Due to such fact, the parents stop their attempts and become the only carriers of the tradition. A new period begins. Freedom to Explore The friends among my neighbors, who have no parents at home during New Year, become the symbols of the next step in the context. While the part of the evening remains a tedious family gathering, the second part turns into the time for the new and exciting experiences. There are so many things that happen for the first time. The head frequently spins due to the richness of shifts. We all learn how to develop a bond beyond the family circle. Our attempts are clumsy and timid. I do not understand that I repeat a similar path, which is familiar to my parents. I concentrate on my own perception, experience, and emotions. I am not prepared to listen to the words of wisdom. The stubbornness and overconfidence of freedom make my head go round. I am drunk with everything. Due to such facts, the experience, emotions, and mistakes grow in numbers equally. At some point, I understand that there is a need for a stop. Nonetheless, my maximalism pushes me and makes me move even faster. The last Ne w Year in the period brings the understanding of the need to stop. Meantime, young blood still requires more events and people. Two Feet in the Different Galaxies The ending of the teenage years and college become the following point of the evolution. I am still partly and simultaneously in the fuzz of the parties and the coziness of the pajamas. I spend several hours during the day with my family. The meeting is warm, we do not argue anymore; my enjoyment from seeing the relatives slowly returns, and I am not very happy to leave the warmth of my home in return of the sticky tables, questionable drinks, attempts to find any free spot to sit, and a fake smile for the whole evening. I begin to understand that I am getting too old even for a more luxurious party. I do not enjoy spending a large part of the following day in bed due to the late return. Moreover, I am no longer thrilled with meeting some interesting strangers, who will attempt to kiss me at midnight. Hygiene is more valuable for me in such a case. Finally, the search for my drink in the glass jungle on the table is torture. The last drop becomes the weird guy and his two-hour tale a bout the lost pack of chips in the mall. The Mighty Crew At my final stage, I understand almost everything about a successful New Year. Several hours before the celebration represent the feast with relatives. I’ve been on a diet for a year as I want to remain fit. However, the menu contains all the forbidden delicacies, which speak to me in my dreams as during holidays I am fed up with the restrictions. After the warm celebration with family, the time of the closest friends comes. I take a cab and arrive at my friend’s flat. We know each other since elementary school. There are no strangers among us. We love each other for years. The group shares various experiences. Some of them are not pleasant. However, all episodes form us and bring closer. We laugh, almost do not drink, and talk over various dishes. The members of the group are happy to be with each other even without gifts. We think that the tradition will remain no matter what. Nonetheless, I forget the most important lesson, which enforces the experience with each sta ge in the context. Then, the next part of my journey regarding the New Year begins. The Power of a Cold Pizza Several couples break up, some relative families decide to celebrate abroad, numerous friends fly away with the same desire, and the uncertainty about my vision of perfect celebration blurs. The year is all about various events. The solitude seems an excellent idea. I buy the tickets, book a room, and pack my bags for a couple of days outside the familiar bubble. However, the cold in the last minute becomes the first sign of the upcoming hell near midnight. In several hours, the support department aids to return the money. The swimsuit is replaced by a blanket, cough syrup, and a cup of warm tea. The awful condition leads to a severe argument with parents. It is too late to change anything. Therefore, I end up alone, in bed, and with pizza. I look outside the window and hear the voices of people celebrating. The thought finally comes to my head. I can be alone, in a poor state, and without any exceptional attributes. I will love my closest people with the same power, I will understan d the problematic areas of life better, and I will not get hysterical. Such New Year brings up the best of me. New Year becomes more and more important for my life while its celebration moves toward high simplicity. Childhood, fables about Santa, quarrels between families, the death of grandmother, teenage riots, first experiences, understanding of the perfect celebration, close people around, and holiday with pizza become the points of my development and growth as the person. The custom evolves and shifts with me. Moreover, the approach to the holiday, which seems pathetic in romantic movies, turns to be a miracle. You are not alone if such day in the calendar does not contain large parties or people. The day is a day. In the morning, you will remain a beloved boyfriend, precious son, a close friend, and favorite colleague. Stopping and concentrating on personal achievements, areas for improvement, feelings, and silence is bliss for a modern person. We all should not waste it in favor of pop-culture and stereotypes about holidays. I hope that my personal experience will be useful for the rea ders and will save time. The present composition essay Sample covers the writer’s experience regarding the evolution of New Year’s celebration in the context of own environment and a fixed timeline. It engages all the elements that are crucial for the indicated type of academic work. The author utilizes various periods of life to demonstrate the complete development of the perception. Furthermore, the perspective enforces the central idea of an unconventional approach to the holiday as a perfect path to happiness and opportunities. The selection of the topic, writing according to the format instructions, and utilization of the personal experience aid to produce a perfect composition essay. We hope that the current sample reveals helpful tips on how to create a high-quality paper.

Fidanza Leadership Research Essay MGMT3

Fidanza Leadership Research Essay MGMT3 Fidanza Leadership Research Essay MGMT3 Michael Fidanza 4422094 Leadership Research Essay I001 Fall 14 Leadership and Management 312 16 Dec. 2014 There are many different leadership styles that can describe how someone does their job and is viewed by their peers, weather they are higher in rank or authority, or even beneath you in the ladder. There are many traits in which people successfully perform, while other ones are lacking, and aren’t essential to complete success for them. There are those who even balance. There are multiple traits of mine that are predominant when it comes to how I function, but there is one style of leadership that sticks out when it comes to how I actually perform. Some of these distinguished leadership traits I have are that I am a thinker, a problem solver, and am somewhat reserved in my thoughts and actions rather than giving them out and sharing. I have reasons for what I do and I use my reasoning accordingly depending on the task at hand. In addition to knowing what is right (the majority of the time), I also take the time to listen to others and use their opinions to better what I do fo r the team and how they can be applied to what I am trying to get done as a whole. In other words, I am pretty open-minded. The other forms of leadership style contain the skills approach, and the situational approach to an extent but can actually be improved in many aspects of my job performance. The general grading rubric I have given myself to come to this conclusion would be the feedback of my higher up and superior officer/non-commissioned officers. The style approach is one approach I use when I perform at my job and the many aspects of which it contains. I find this to be the most flexible of the approaches, styles, and theories that currently exist. This essay will describe my leadership in terms of the style approach containing two general behaviors; task behaviors, and relationship behavior. This paper will also include how I believe I can improve my leadership style and quality when it comes to obtaining or improving other leadership styles available to me as a whole. Th e best leadership style to describe my leadership is the styles approach. This is because it contains the two behaviors that I perform in order to maintain good leadership role and position. In this style, there are both task behaviors and relationship behaviors. This leadership style fits me best due to the fact that it isn’t just one organized style. It is task and relationship oriented when it comes to leading. (Northouse) Compared to the skills approach, situational approach. And the contingency approach, I feel that some of these approaches have gaps in them that miss key points in covering the basis for a mission complete and full proof plan for success. These are all great traits when it comes to leadership, but would be more useful if they were combined into one. The two behaviors my ideal leadership style is composed of are task behaviors, and relationship behaviors. Task behaviors are composed of processes that accommodate those who are success orientated and are lo oking to win it. When there is an achievement within the group, it is best that there is a positive award set as reinforcement when it comes to bringing a group up for success. It has been proven that this kind of behavior is welcome in classrooms today to promote a more self-reliant student(s) on achievement and success when it comes to ones personal success (Moore) The second behavior within my leadership style is relationship behavior. This is a behavior that results in everyone under my leadership style feeling comfortable not only with being around and working with others, but also feeling comfortable with themselves. (Northouse) There has been studies that prove there is more productivity when everyone agrees with one another and is able to put their differences aside to make profit for the company rather than themselves. (Kamp) Without emotional stability along with

Hire Essay Writer Online and Create Opportunities All Over the Globe

Hire Essay Writer Online and Create Opportunities All Over the Globe Hire Essay Writer Online and Create Opportunities All Over the Globe If you are thinking you might hire essay writer for your next paper, there may be one reason you have not considered. In addition to convenience and time savings, hiring an essay writer helps the global community. You may be assisting those in less prosperous or developing countries with earning income and improving their lives, here is how: Global Workers Earn Money Online Global workers are able to access work that pays more than what they find in their own country. Higher pay increases their standard of living and may help to support their family. Global Workers Learn and Continue Developing Their Skills In order to become academic writers and find higher paying projects, online workers are encouraged to constantly improve their skills. The job market in their community may not offer them neither opportunities for advancement nor an incentive to improve and gain knowledge. The very nature of online work demands skilled workers so they must improve their skills to stay in the market. When many workers in one country improve their skills and become more advanced, the country on the whole improves. This way, when you hire an essay writer online, you are contributing to the advancement of others and their countries. Global Workers Learn to Operate Globally These workers may not have any other reasons to advance their skills if not for online work. Working online allows them to live in and experience a work environment that is more sophisticated than they have locally. They need to learn to use the Internet for research and learning. They find out how to maneuver online work platforms such as mTurk and Upwork. They learn to use a myriad of software and apps, such as a word processor and grammar apps. They get to know the rules and processes used in more highly developed countries, thereby preparing them for more advanced careers. Global Work Gives Opportunities to Younger Disadvantaged Workers Online payment platforms such as Payoneer transfer income to prepaid cards that can be used to shop or withdraw cash. This allows disadvantaged young people to benefit because the disadvantaged are unlikely to have a bank account. In this way global work minimizes financial barriers and helps disadvantaged workers. Global Work Offers Women to Work Flexibly While Caring for Children Women with children in developing countries are often obligated to care for their children without assistance. Online work allows women to work from home performing work with flexible hours, giving them an opportunity to earn income where none existed before. Global Work Encourages Goal Setting and Self-Improvement Once these workers realize there is a way for them to advance they become encouraged and begin to see more opportunities and possibilities. They may set other financial or academic goals to improve their lives and the life of their families. Giving someone the opportunity to write your paper gives them more then just a job to do. You may be giving them something which can transform their life, and improve the global economy.

5 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

5 questions - Essay Example They said the school also awarded points for extracurricular activities as well as to applicants with financial disadvantages, a group that would include poor white students.† Bias is an inclination to support one individual, gathering, thing or perspective over an alternate, regularly in an out of line way. Predisposition might be an individual conclusion or a more general supposition, for example, a news story from fox news, suggests that just exhibits truths help one perspective. Example of bias as far as fox news is of concern comes from intent that â€Å"accusations have been levied against Fox News in response to its decision to exclude Ron Paul and Duncan Hunter from the January 5, 2008, Republican candidate debate.† In regards to television news Narcosis, Neil Postman suggests that the power of media and its effect is severe to all parties as far as age is of concern. We learn through his suggestion, which anticipate that â€Å"What are called newspapers, for example, do not consist mostly of news, adult movies appear to be puerile fantasies, and talk radio features a succession of thirty-second temper tantrums.† However, Postman believes that news media have curtailed it from being knowledgeable and difficult from one to understand. Evidence comes to standstill learning from Postman words, which illustrates that â€Å"Everything on a TV news show is arranged so that it is unnecessary, undesirable and in any event, very difficult to attend to the sense of what is depicted. Something that is ironical frequently resembles the genuine article keeping in mind the end goal to make fun of it. For instance, a portrayal on a parody demonstrate in which a comic sits behind an anchorperson and utilization a genuine tone to "report" on silly occasions that truly happened takes a sarcastic methodology to both the occasions and the idea of telecast news-casting. A TV program that draws on the news occasions of the day yet picks specifically among them, intensely

Gender Disparity in Employment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender Disparity in Employment - Research Paper Example The society is usually highly structured and stratified based on social hierarchies which have both dominant and subordinate groups coexisting together. As such, the gender disparity seen in matters pertaining to labor or employment can be traced back to a highly patriarchal and discriminative society (Donahue, 2007). This paper will try to tackle the two dominant causes of gender disparity in the social sphere which are patriarchal systems, and gender discrimination. Patriarchal systems usually refer to male dominance in which gender hierarchy favors the male over the female gender. The males are usually endowed with power, material and status advantages over their female counterparts. Despite advances and profound structural changes within the society, the gender hierarchy is still propagated today in different forms. These structural changes include such things like increasingly venture of women into male dominated careers and more women opting for careers as opposed to formative days when they stayed at home. Currently, there is no one single way through which the patriarchal system can be analyzed and understood as a possible cause of gender disparity, those interactional processes that are taken for granted may be the solution. These interactional processes are usually mediated through gender stratification which is an old time sociological practice (Elliott & Smith, 2004). The reasons for male dominance in patriarchal societies has been attributed to different factors and key among are culture, religion and capitalism. Through the industrialization and modernization of man, the culture of male dominance has been the norm whereby in forms of mass production that existed in the agrarian civilization, man was favored as the dominant figure. This is because it was the duty of man to perform strenuous tasks like fighting while women were allocated lighter duties like taking care of the homes. In that way, division of labor developed which later became entrenc hed in the society. In a way, capitalism propagated paternalism further by favoring men who seem not to overindulge in work in the society according to the cultural settings while it is they who own everything. In a way, that is exploitative but that is way that things have been moving on but slowly they are changing as more parity is being introduced in the previously skewed gender disparity (Donahue, 2007; Ridgeway, 1997). Discrimination simply refers to prejudice based on perceived traits that may be biological or otherwise. When one is discriminated against, it does not necessarily have to be based on race but also gender discrimination exists especially in matters pertaining to labor or employment. Currently, the trend is slowly changing but there are those jobs or careers that are dominated by the male gender at the expense of the female gender. Reasons attributed to this can be traced to individual perceptions of the key players in the field which naturally discriminate again st the female gender in holding some positions. Take for instance the issue of women representation legislation or politics which remains a largely male dominated affair globally even in the US. Although the last word has to come from the voters who by the way comprise a bigger women representation, they discriminate aga

Riordan Corporate Compliance Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Riordan Corporate Compliance Plan - Essay Example Riordan attracts customers from various industries including, electronic companies, household item producers, defense, bottlers, aircraft, and even software companies. The entire vendor management and human resource management systems that Riordan uses in its various branches in the United States are with an Oracle system. The Vendor management and the HR management system are available on the Riordan website and almost all the processes are done including, placing the orders, tracking the order, accepting delivery, and process management. The management system automatically delivers e-mails to the relevant persons once a transaction gets generated through the e-mail engine. The Riordan Corporate Compliance should be created and approved by the senior management or Board of the company and stick to the regulations that may be applicable in various states the company is functioning. Third, the Compliance plan should also give importance to monitoring and auditing the system and ensuri ng that enforcement and breaches are addressed appropriately. In such a manner, the legal compliance plan should meet the legal standards and be in line with the legislations of that particular nation. Legal Compliance Plan Introduction Riordan Production is a manufacturing and productions company concerned with the manufacture of plastics, polymers, electrical appliances, and household appliances. It will not only sell the appliances to other businesses but also to the end consumer. Initially, Riordan was a company that supplied other companies, and it has been recently until which Riordan has entered the relationship sector. Within the company, Riordan consider meeting certain legal and ethical obligation concerned with business and comply with the standard business practice. The legal compliance document of Riordan will not only ensure that the ethical and legal obligation of the company and the manner in which it functions is known to others. This also ensure that the various st akeholders concerned, including employees, other businesses, companies, partners, and the government, are aware of these standards and the manner in which the company functions. The Company compliance plan will chalk out the legal and the ethical commitments and the set of standards that has to be followed during the business practices. The important aspects of corporate compliance are †¢ Enterprise liability †¢ Tangible property and intangible property (intellectual property) †¢ Governance principles of regulatory compliance requirements †¢ The specific international laws This compliance plan created by the company senior management and approved by the Management Board of Riordan Productions. It sets the basic framework and the manner in which the business is conducted. It shall be binding on the company management, employees, contractors, and the third parties who do business with Riordan Productions. The compliance plan will also be binding on the managers and the supervisors. Some of the important set of functions includes Standard policies and guidelines to be adhered to concerned employee management, risk identification, risk management, evaluation, monitoring, implementing corrective processes, and managing the property/assets. Legal Standards Riordan Productions is a manufacturing hub and would be appointing, supporting, and using the services of the human

Window Server 2012 Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Window Server 2012 - Research Proposal Example Accordingly, in order to improve the effectiveness of the communication procedure and secure the integrity of the brand image along with the operational data, the company wants to implement the concept of Windows Server 2012 within all aspects of their data protection and communication setup. Thus, this proposal will mostly remain focused towards understanding the aspect regarding how Windows Server 2012 can be implemented within the areas of active directory, group policy setup, domain naming system (DNS), file services, remote services and windows server update services (WSUS) in order to reinforce the functionality of Shiv LLC. The concept of domain model demarcates the availability of usable networking resources that remain stored within multiple server machines in a network setup. The users just have to log in within the domain system through a specific id and password after which they can attain access to the stored data and other resources in an appropriate manner. Moreover, different domain models have been created by Microsoft that finds applicability to a platform depending on the version of server operating system installed within it. Since in the case of Shiv LLC the considered version of server operating system is Windows Server 2012, thus two specific categories of domain models can be found applicable in this context. The first model is the’ Single Domain Model’ and the second one is the ‘Regional Domain Model’. The diagrammatic representation provided below will help in gaining a lucid comprehension about the concepts of these two models in an appropriate manner.

Reading reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Reading reflection - Essay Example Barr’s approach is clear and considerate in relation to the vital requirements of an actor. Chapter 14 of his book, Acting for the Camera, talks about how a person can successfully remember his/her lines in acting by thinking about both their roles and their partners’. It is much easier to think about the scene than remember the lines. Also, when a person considers the roles played by their partners, as well as their partners lines, it will be easier for the individual to remember his/her part in the actor than trying to memorize his/her lines. This might lead to confusion as it has been noted in the past where actors portray lack of full awareness of their roles in acting. According to Barr (83), learning the lines of a scene is a simple process. The author advises actors that they should not, in reality, try to learn the lines since they are not imperative, but they should try and learn the significance of the scenes taking place. According to Barr (84), if an actor only memorizes his/her lines, then they will just be responsive to a cue rather than a stimulus. The harsh truth is that, if the actor only endeavors to learn his lines, then he/she will speak when they appropriate cue words are thrown at him/her, and; hence, lack connection, as well as depth. Connection and depth are the main factors, which draw viewers to a scene. They are able to relate to the scene if the actors show a connection and understanding to the scene (Barr 85). It is extremely a poor for an actor to appear as if they are being forced to act. Lack of understanding of the scenes, as well as the lines, will also portray lack of interest in the entire act. Therefore, when the actors are not connected to the scenes, the audience also will not relate to the acting. Barr stresses on this matter in the entire chapter 14 of his book whereby understanding the scene would lead to understanding the lines. If, hence, the actor relates properly to the stimulus, which causes a verbal

Window Server 2012 Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Window Server 2012 - Research Proposal Example Accordingly, in order to improve the effectiveness of the communication procedure and secure the integrity of the brand image along with the operational data, the company wants to implement the concept of Windows Server 2012 within all aspects of their data protection and communication setup. Thus, this proposal will mostly remain focused towards understanding the aspect regarding how Windows Server 2012 can be implemented within the areas of active directory, group policy setup, domain naming system (DNS), file services, remote services and windows server update services (WSUS) in order to reinforce the functionality of Shiv LLC. The concept of domain model demarcates the availability of usable networking resources that remain stored within multiple server machines in a network setup. The users just have to log in within the domain system through a specific id and password after which they can attain access to the stored data and other resources in an appropriate manner. Moreover, different domain models have been created by Microsoft that finds applicability to a platform depending on the version of server operating system installed within it. Since in the case of Shiv LLC the considered version of server operating system is Windows Server 2012, thus two specific categories of domain models can be found applicable in this context. The first model is the’ Single Domain Model’ and the second one is the ‘Regional Domain Model’. The diagrammatic representation provided below will help in gaining a lucid comprehension about the concepts of these two models in an appropriate manner.

Phase 3 Discussion Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Phase 3 Discussion Board - Assignment Example The situation becomes more challenging when it involves the introduction of a new product in an already existing marketing with various previously existing competition. This will require the consideration of particular product features in order to introduce a product strategically thereby winning a substantial marketing share (Parente, 2005). Among the issues to discuss in the lunch meeting will include the marketing mix, a tool used by marketers to evaluate the profitability of the product or service. Promotion is an essential element in the marketing mix. It refers to the increase of product awareness among a target market thereby increasing the chances of the product purchase. The basic tool used by marketers in promoting a product is its name. In this case, the product has no name thereby requiring the marketers to determine an effective name that will help acquire a substantial market for the product. The name must have a sense of originality and exhibit the features of the product. Several other brands have operated in the market before, an original name must is not a simulation of the name of the other products. Such may result in legal tussles with the owners of the already existing products. The name must have an ease of pronunciation and have an attribute that links the products to the target market. Products that target children should have a rhythmic name that the children can pronounce and commemorate easily. The originality in the name will help distinguish the product from the rest and earn the product recognition from the mention of the name. After the determination of an appropriate name, branding becomes the second most important marketing role. Branding offers the marketers with a platform to advertise the product cheaply without incurring additional media costs. Branding refers to the labels that the marketers place on the packaging material on any product. A product looks pale and boring without a branded label on the packaging material,

The mysterious goings on surrounding Dr Jekyll and the evil Mr Hyde Essay Example for Free

The mysterious goings on surrounding Dr Jekyll and the evil Mr Hyde Essay Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is set in Victorian times, where the well-respected lawyer Utterson investigates the mysterious goings on surrounding his good friend Dr Jekyll and the evil Mr Hyde. The book was written in 1886 and therefore contains many theories around in Victorian times such as physiognomy. This is when people believed physical appearance could define a criminal type character. This is evident throughout the book due to the description of Hyde and also of more civilised characters. The idea of original sin is perhaps watered down in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by introducing the idea of drugs to bring out evil characteristics in one person. The setting of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is set in Victorian London. Stevenson uses clear descriptions of misty nights and a night under the face of the fogged city moon, which give an impression of evil and mystery to the story long before it has truly begun. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is at one point mentioned as very cool and a little damp, and full of premature twilight. This is a first hand example of the split personality coming through, the darkness showing through too early, damp, a total opposite to the respectable setting of Victorian London. Many people in Victorian times believed in the theory of physiognomy, however, Golding also makes some symbolic use of appearances. In Lord of the Flies Jack and Ralph first met when the conch is blown. Jack leading the choir is described as tall, thin and bony: his hair was red His face was crumpled and freckled, and ugly without silliness this gives the idea that Jack looks evil. His red hair and black overalls can be associated with the colour of the devil and the colour of death / destructions. The use of physiognomy in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is very obvious, especially in the descriptions of Hyde. Many different characters give across description of Hyde as a little man who was stumping along and to further demonstrate Hyde as an evil character, he is often described using reference to animals, as in the line Hyde shrank back with a hissing intake of breath. Although often Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde seems to be a light-hearted tale of mystery and intrigue, Stevenson takes great pains to show that the evil Mr. Hyde is very deadly. There is certainly nothing comical about the trampling of the little girl on the street corner. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde does not use much biblical reference, although very much like Adam Eve who ate the forbidden fruit to gain knowledge, Lanyons desire for knowledge used his hardship resulting in his death, that I must die and yet I shall die incredulous. Stevenson also did not introduce much allegory although the themes portrayed in the novel can be related to modern times. The obvious parallel to issues nowadays is the use of drugs. Stevenson uses the drugs to all Dr Jekyll to change into Mr Hyde, and his dependency on Hyde may be compared to a drug addiction. The line I could stop whenever I want is used in Jekylls defence but in reality (like many addicts) they are not in control. The elements of symbolism in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde also seem to be much smaller than in Lord of the Flies. The home and laboratory of Dr Jekyll are on opposite sides of the spectrum. His home is seen as respectable and upright. This is shown in the lines the hall, when they entered it, was brightly lighted up; the fire was built high. His laboratory in comparison is described to be rundown and filthy. Both Dr Jekylls home and laboratory are joined together, but look like very separate buildings. This represents the characters of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, who stemmed from the same person but have completely different appearances. The windows to Dr Jekylls laboratory are enclosed with iron bars. These bars mean Jekyll is literally and symbolically imprisoned. The iron bars literally enclose the windows and the Victorian community confine Dr Jekyll to only revealing his respectable side. Yet Stevensons story doesnt have a happy ending. Jekyll is able to admit that after a few months of experimenting with Hyde, eventually the little mans demands became increasingly extreme, seeking more and more power. Soon Jekyll has no control over Hyde, who appears by himself whenever Jekyll dozes off to sleep. He admits, I was slowly losing hold of my original and better self, and becoming slowly incorporated with my second and worse. Finally Hyde causes Jekyll to commit the ultimate act of self-destruction: suicide. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde contains both the 1st and 3rd person, which gives both an overview of events and more in-depth personal thoughts into the main story. The two types are narration are shown in the overall narration of the story which is in 3rd person, and in Lanyon and Jekylls letters, where the type of narration turns to 1st person, I saw what I saw, I heard what I heard. The use of two types of narration could be related to their being two characters who were at one time connected (Jekyll and Hyde). Both books have major relevance in contemporary times, and can be linked to recent events. Similar to Lord of the Flies and the actions of the boys, in the news lately stories have been published about young boys brutally murdering others. A prime example is the Jamie Bulgar case where two young boys murdered a two year old. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, can be related to scientific attempts, such as cloning and genetic engineering, as they have yet unknown consequences, just as Dr Jekyll did not understand how the drugs he took would affect him. Also hypocrisy is a part of contemporary life. Many people behave in one way in public but another elsewhere. This is also brought out in the novel as Dr Jekyll was forced by civilisation to act differently in public and this caused him to experiment with drugs, (therefore separating his two sides making it easy to act respectively at all times. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Lord of the flies have similar themes although written in two largely different times. They also relate closely to current themes suggesting that some ideas are consistent over time. The themes of good and evil and the relation to original sin are demonstrated within both novels suggesting that each individual has the opportunity to be both good and evil. This is best in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde as the same person splits his personalities, which allows it to be both good and fully evil at different times. In Lord of the Flies this is shown in a different way, by using children as the main characters. In this way, it uses the readers preconception that children are innocent and are not born evil, but can become so.

Marketing Plan For Samsung Vacuum Cleaner

Marketing Plan For Samsung Vacuum Cleaner Samsung Group has been recognized as one of the largest Asian companies in the world.  With products that are always innovative and commitment to customers, Samsung is always able to satisfy customer needs. Thus, with this marketing plan, Samsung tried to continue to innovate with new products Vacuum cleaners with a way to add new features and functions in the vacuum cleaner that will satisfy customers. The marketing plan starts with introduction, stating the aim of this business report, which is the promotion strategy for Samsung Vacuum Cleaner. A brief outline of the Samsung is discussed along with some theory definition and explanation. The content on this report will be; Analysis of current situation has been done to avoid competitors over lap Samsung. Understanding of current target market is to help analyse customer wants and needs to grab bigger market share. SWOT analysis is the detail of internal and external which could be used to increase opportunity. Three methods of promotion that Samsung use in order to reach their target market. How corrective action is taken will be describe in the marketing plan, under marketing mix which contain 4P. Measurement the success of the marketing plan, various step, standard, and limits will be determined to monitor the performance, How this marketing plan will increase revenue shown in financial part. There are four methods that Samsung do to control and evaluate products that will be released in the market. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Samsung before was a small export business in Taegu, Korea, founded by Lee Byung Chull in 1938 (Samsung 2010). Today Samsung Company has grown up to become one of the worlds leading electronic companies, basically manufacturing electronic devices, such as TVs, Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, Washers, Vacuum Cleaners and etc (Samsung 2010). By innovate and improve top quality of products and services, as followed their mission of making life better for consumers around the world, Samsung has grew their revenue and market share by achieving the No. 1 global market share for their 13 products, including semiconductors, TFT-LCDs, Monitors and CDMA mobile phones (Samsung 2010). Looking forward, to make historic advancement in research and development, as well as producing best-in class LCDs LEDs, mobile phones, digital appliances, Vacuum Cleaners, and more (Samsung 2010). 2.1 Target Market First of all Target market is specific group of people on an organization to satisfy the needs of group members or focuses its marketing efforts (Pride et al. 2006, p. 124). Samsung are targeting at three different social class segments which are lower level, middle level, and upper level. Therefore, Samsung aims at differentiated marketing with different types of designed to satisfy the target market (Schieffer 2005, p. 72). There are three categories of Samsung for target market. First is lower level. The setting of this vacuum cleaner are powerful, lightweight cleaning with flexible control the 360-degree connection swivels which make easier for consumer to maneuver for quick cleaning all around. This lightweight cleaner is best for tackling bare floors and carpets (Mother Earth News June / July 2006). It has powerful with double motor, multi-surface and cleaning capabilities with the switch of button, automatic cord rewind and comes with tools-on-board. Secondly, is middle level in here the vacuum cleaner is more lightweight, ultra quiet, low-noise floor nozzle, so it will make protection for humans ear (Consumer Reports October 2005), which resulting an enjoy clean air and more frequently captures dust and airborne allergens (Consumer Reports March 2006). And finally of course for higher level, it has all the features for lower and middle level vacuum cleaner, and it also has more advantages like micro seal fresh air technology. This improvement makes the consumer enjoy clean air and clean less frequently that captures over 99.97% of dust and airborne allergens and small particles (USA Today Magazine January 2007). The more specific of strategies and product will be discussed in more details in the consequent pages under marketing implementations. 2.2 SWOT Analysis To monitor the internal and external marketing environment and also to set a new and better marketing strategy, a SWOT analysis must be accomplished first and That the overall evaluation of a companys Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats is called SWOT analysis (Kotler Keller 2009, p. 89). Samsung Company must have a clear understanding of their SWOT analysis in order to develop their new products at the same time increase their profit on annual sales. (Source: Business Teacher 2010) Strengths People A company is its people. At Samsung, were dedicated to giving our people a wealth of opportunities to reach their full potential (Samsung 2010). Loyal Customers By having close customer relationship, the Samsung Company have the possibility to always produce and innovate their product to overcome the customer needs and wants. Excellence Products and Services Samsung Company is motivated by an unyielding passion for excellence-and has an unfaltering commitment to develop the best products and services on the market (Samsung 2010). Best Marketing Experience Nowadays In fast-paced global economy, change or revolution is constant as well as for innovation is critical to a companys survival. As Samsung Company has done for 70 years, they set their sights on the future, anticipating market needs and demands so it can steer our company toward long-term success (Samsung 2010). Integrity Operating in an ethical way is the foundation of our business. Everything we do is guided by a moral compass that ensures fairness, respect for all stakeholders and complete transparency (Samsung 2010). Co-prosperity To become successful a business must also create prosperity and opportunity for others. Therefore Samsung Company is committed to presence a socially and environmentally responsible corporate citizen in every community where we operate around the globe (Samsung 2010). Pricing Samsung products are relatively competitive in the market, so it can compete within all type of customers. Technology With an excellent research and development capabilities, they spend a high percentage of revenue on RD. It resulted in global leadership in the television segment, and in improving its position from the third to second player in mobile phones with their innovative products. Weaknesses Product Perception The customers perception of weak product attributes like Durability. Price Perception The customers perception about the worthiness the price of product on each person that difficult to cover. Standard Model Not pro-active coming out with unique and leading model. Huge Investment on RD 2007 (Mill won) 2006 (Mill won) Sales 98,507,817 85,834,604 Research expenses 2,353,844 2,252,848 Ordinary development expenses 3,720,115 3,461, 914 Total RD 6,073, 959 5,714,762 RD/Sales 6.17 % 6.66% (Source: Samsung Annual Report 2007) Opportunities Electronic Market By Increasing on electronic market, Samsung have the opportunity to take it down. Increasing Demand There is strong customer demand for innovative products value-added features. Increase % of Younger Population High % of Younger population, which can be expand a new market now and in the future. (Source: Population Reference Bureau 2009) Threats Increasing Competition In the third quarter 2008, the market share of LCDs TV Samsung Gain 20.2%, which has been decrease by 2.8% compare to the previous year, therefore it shows the increment of the competition (Samsung annual report 2008). Economic Slowdown The economic slowdown makes demand for electronic product weakens. MARKETING OBJECTIVES The marketing objectives are listed for management approval based on the approach in improving the sales growth. Launch of new vacuum cleaner To launch a new vacuum cleaner that can help to maintain healthiness at home. Marketing Strategies for Existing and New Products To outline a series of marketing strategies aimed at improving the sales. Increase Sales Volume To increase sales volume of vacuum cleaner by three promotions method. The first thing company must do to achieve the objective in above, is to know who is their target market. In the process of targeting their target market, the Samsung Company can use some of target strategies that involve market segmentation, market targeting strategy. Firstly, Market segmentation is an activity of research commons on issues such as characteristics market definition, the unit of analysis, type of consumer behavior to be explained, appropriateness of basis variables, and the relation of all of these considerations (Kotler 2002, p. 279; Pride et al. 2006, p. 115). Market targeting, otherwise, refers to the evaluations activity of identifying each market segment based on their attractiveness and to choose one or more segments to enter (Bradley 2002, p. 47). In the other hand market positioning is a formulating to set competitive position of the product and creating for market detail to achieving a certain position in the target consumers minds (Kotler Armstrong 1999, p. 196). Lastly, pricing strategy deals with response of customer, setting profitable, and also think of competitors (Bradley 2002, p. 222). The first strategy in target market selection process is market segmentation. A market segment consists of individuals, groups or organizations with some common characteristics who respond in a similar way to given set of marketing approach (Kotler 2002, p. 279; Pride et al. 2006, p. 115). There are 4 general bases for segmenting consumer markets which are demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioral variables (Kotler Armstrong 1999, p. 202). Samsung focuses in Demographic and Behavioral variables. Based on Kotler (2002, p.279), they segment market consists of a group of customers who share a similar set of wants. Demographic segmentation defines market into groups according to demographic variables which include age, gender, income, occupation, education, family size, family life cycle, ethnicity, religion and social class (Pride et al. 2006, p. 115) where Samsung focuses on the gender, income, and social class. Under gender, Samsung uses by female especially maid and also housewife. For the income, Samsung is flexible because it offers from lowest price until the highest price so customers can make decisions easier. On the other hand, behavioral segmentation refers to dividing buyers into the group based on consumer knowledge, behaviors, uses or responses to a product (Kotler 2002, p. 245). Samsung segments the market based on price sensitivity where the consumption of products and services for consumers depends upon consumption value which is best reflected upon quality of products and services (Pride et al. 2006, p. 115). However the most important is focus on quality of products. Then for the three promotions method that Samsung will take on to increase their sales volume of new vacuum cleaner will be explain in the following pages. MARKETING RECOMMENDATIONS The target market for Samsung Vacuum Cleaner are the three different social class family segments which are lower, middle and upper level and also citizens who have home priority and aware for healthy lifestyle. Therefore, Samsung has designed differentiated promotion strategies to satisfy their different target markets (Schieffer 2005, p. 72). Promotion is communication to build awareness, message comprehension and interest to influence the people to make positive thinking and accept the product (Hollensen 2005, p. 258). And in here the company also must understand other important factors, such as centralizing on how to learn many different customers and focusing on a proper approach (Taylor Stankovich 2007). In the process of promotion strategy, Samsung can uses three main promotions method with the first one is advertising campaign. It is a description about any paid form of non-personal creative presentations of ideas, goods, or services and it is transmitted to target audiences (Pride et al. 2006, p. 403). Then, the second method is public relations. This is a method that uses communications efforts to make good relationship between the company and their consumer (Pride et al. 2006, p. 414). And finally, the last promotion method is sales promotion which refers to marketing communication activities in the direction of motivating the consumer purchase and develops the retailer effectiveness (Hollensen 2005, p. 266). 4.1 Advertising campaign Advertising campaign is the first promotion technique that can be chosen by Samsung Vacuum Cleaner to promote its products. Advertising is one of the most patent tools to create awareness of a company, product, service or idea by mass media (Kotler 1999). To develop the campaign, there are generally eight steps which can be used as a guideline and it is shown in diagram below. (Source: Pride et al. 2006, p. 404) 1. Identify and analyse target audience 2. Define advertising objective 3. Create advertising platform 4. Determine advertising budget 5. Develop media plan 6. Create advertising message 7. Execute campaign 8. Evaluate advertising effectiveness Figure (1) Promotion Strategy for Samsung Vacuum Cleaner Identify and analyze target audience From the diagram, it shows that the first step of Samsung Vacuum Cleaners advertising campaign is identifying and analyzing the target audience (Pride et al. 2006). This includes the three different characteristics of social family classes in Singapore, which are lower level, middle level, and upper level. Defining the Advertising Objectives Then the steps continue by defining the objectives of Samsungs advertisement, which are increasing the sales, creating awareness and also expanding consumers knowledge about the product. Creating the Advertising Platform The advertising platform of Samsung Vacuum Cleaner consists of important topics for customer in selecting the product provided (Pride et al. 2006). Determining Advertising Appropriation Samsung Vacuum Cleaner manages the advertising budget by applying up to bottom approach. This done by estimating the cost of performing the advertisement and setting the promotions budget according to the estimates (Pride et al. 2006, p. 406). The reason why Samsung choosing this method is because the brand is well known in the public, therefore the management has no doubt in allocating the budget. Developing the Media Plan After determining the budget, the marketer start developing media plan for the ad. In the case of Samsung Vacuum Cleaner, it will choose television, newspaper and magazine. The medium that enables marketer to reach the largest number of people at any one time is television; therefore Samsung will put its advertisement in weekdays morning and evening session which is the prime time in television, and Saturday and Sunday morning which is the family session (Falk 2003, p. 287). Then for magazine, Samsung will more concern in womens and technologies magazine. And for newspaper, Samsung will place its ad in weekly celebrity tabloid which focusing on housewife. Creating the Advertising Message The company must careful when entering this step, because in here, Samsung starts to convince the buyer that it has something valuable to offer (Bayan 2006). To achieve this, Samsung start the ad by a headline Introducing a Vacuum Cleaner of the Future and Built For Efficiency!, these tag-lines not just capable to inform the buyer about a new vacuum cleaner in the market which gives many efficiency benefits to the customer, but it also help increasing future sales (Garfield 2005). Some of Samsung benefits such as lightweight, ultra quiet vacuum cleaner, Samsungs filtration system and other uniqueness will be stated in the advertisement (Maynard 1995). Besides that, there also some pictures of Samsungs products together with a creative design look. This will give sounds that the promo gives a greater savings to the item (Brandweek 2007). Executing the Campaign After setting the entire ad, the marketer will start to coordinate and execute the effective campaign. Evaluating Advertising Effectiveness However, the management also remembers to evaluate the plan to keep an eye on what is happening on the market. The marketer does not want to get critics saying that the ad is not true, and not achieving what you really see is what you should get statement (Janoff 2004). This can be prevented by pre-test and post-test. The pre-test can identify errors that can result in breakdown of ads communication before the implementation. Then the post-test is evaluating the feedback which is the target audiences attitudes towards the ad (Waller 1998, p. 72). 4.2 Public Relations The second methods that will be used for Samsung Vacuum Cleaner is public relations. Public relation is created to make, keep or shared understanding between the company and their customers (Kitchen 1993). Because creating and keeping the relationships with customers is one of the key to make the product become famous. Before a company releases a product, they have to know the customers needs and wants (Pride et al. 2006). They also have to know which component of public relations that is useful for their product. There are reasons why Samsung vacuum cleaner selects this promotional strategy, which are to help the company to have good relationship with the public, then to keep positive image of this company and finally showing to the public about the companys goals and objectives (Lamb et al. 2002). An increase in awareness also can be the effect of the Samsung Vacuum Cleaners public relations campaign (Jeff 2003). According to Kotler and Keller, there are many kinds of public relation tools, which are identity media, public activities, press conference, speeches, events, and publications. For Samsung, the company has chosen two tools, which are press conference and identity media. 4.3 Press Conference The first thing to show the product in the public is press conference. In here, the Samsung Company will call the entire reporters from different mass Medias and give an explanation or describe generally about the efficiency about the product. Hence the reporter will write about it. 4.4 Identity Media The other public relation which is used In Samsung Company is identity media. In here, Samsung uses brochures to create awareness and incentive to buy the vacuum cleaner. In brochures, it will be written about description of the product in general like the specification of the product. Besides that, it also will be written information about healthy environment. The leaflets will be distribute in the crowded park, supermarket, mall, mini-market, road and others place in Malaysia which are possible for the customer to see and get it. 4.5 Sales Promotion The final method that Samsung Vacuum Cleaner uses to promote its product is Sales Promotion. This is the ways to urge the consumer to shop at a particular store or to try specific product (Pride et al. 2007). In Samsung Company, they use coupons system, demonstrations, and consumer sweepstakes. Coupons In order to promote the Samsung vacuum cleaner, the company uses coupon as one of sales promotion method. There are some places that the coupon can be placed. For example: Newspaper about celebritys gossip. Woman magazine, like Women Weekly and Glamour. Samsung Vacuum Cleaners coupon does not have a specific size for different media. The important thing is the coupon is readable. There is a coupon which is distributed by Samsung. The coupon is discount of the product. By entering the promotional code (via internet) or bringing the coupon to the nearest counter, the customer will get a discount or depend on how much money off that is written in the coupon. Demonstrations Another method of sales promotion that Samsung uses is demonstrations. The demonstration will be like some of presentations how to use the vacuum cleaner maximally and effectively to satisfy the user needs and wants. The demonstration will be placed or performed in mall and housing Resident Park. This is because the places usually have many housewife or family that sightseeing in that place. This means that it will be performed where there are possibilities to attract more customers. Consumer Sweepstakes Consumer sweepstakes is the last method that Samsung Vacuum Cleaner uses to attract more consumers. The name of this lucky draw is Say YES to Samsung sweepstake. In here, the customers who buy the new of Samsung Vacuum Cleaner will get a change to enter the sweepstake. The customers will write his or her identity in a form which is provided by every branch of the company. For customers who buy via internet, they also will get opportunity to give their details in the internet. Therefore the consumers can become a contestant of Say YES to Samsung sweepstake. The prize for runner up of this lucky draw is three winners will get each a brand new Samsungs 42-inch LED 3D TV. And for the first winner, the customers will have a change to go to 2 day 3 nights trip to Shanghai, China for two persons. MARKETING IMPLEMENTATIONS We decide to treat all the capitals of developing countries as the same market, as demographically they have many similarities among ladies. We are targeting to housewives to fulfill their needs with our innovated products. 5.1 Product We have proposed new reproduction of Samsung vacuum cleaner. In reproduction, we will add few extra functions and features in our new products. Apart from it, we will change the designs and colors according to the age groups of our main audience: housewives those who are between the ages of 23 to 60. As for the additional, we will make it available to clean the everywhere of home with the gas pipe and steel pipe. For example, in the bathroom, you can see that there are few yellow dirty places on the floor that we cannot take out and refine. Here our product come to solution of the problem, the customers only have to turn on the button, the gas pipe will automatically emit the gas to remove the dust and refine the places easily without needing to use the human effort. After refining with gas pipe, there will be little water because of using gas. The customers do not need to worry to clean it out again, just simply change the steel pipe, and turn on the button again. It will be automatically clean. It can be said that the product is the combination of few household things. In addition, we add the MP3 player in the product in order to give the happiness to our housewives while they are doing domestic chores. As we will add the music player, we will make the product to be in the silent mode while it is working. On the other hand, the size and weight will not be getting big and heavy because of the additional things. Theses all will be as same as the normal vacuum cleaner. Those are the differences between our vacuum cleaner and others. 5.2 Price We will price our range of products competitively as we want our target customers to know that we are there to give them an offering of our best products and services not necessarily expensive. We are sure that the customers will guess that our new product will be expensive because of the additional features. The price is possible to go higher than normal vacuum cleaner but we are trying our best to adjust the prices reasonable to our targeted customers as possible as we can. 5.3 Promotion and Advertising It is necessary to expand our market places and customer services in developing countries. For being able to do so, we will distribute and display our products in shopping malls and in our showroom. Even our product is not difficult to use; we are planning to provide the staff especially for explaining about the product such the usage, effectiveness and weaknesses. Apart from it, we will also provide the season-promotion, special days-promotion to our customers by giving discount, give the present for our existing and new customers, and have the lucky draw occasionally. We have drawn the plan to serve the delivery system which is if a retailer or customer wants to order our product through the internet or telephone or invoice, we are serving delivery system depending on the amount they order. For being able to control the current market and penetrate the new market across geographical area, our company focus on both online marketing and mass media in order to achieve in no time. 5.4 Place As we have mentioned in the above, the position to display the products will be exactly in the zone of shopping mall, famous household market, and our own showroom. We will try our best to reach companys provided services to reach the target audience. BUDGET Budget is a plan that outlines an organizations financial and operational goals. Moreover, budget may be thought of as an action plan; planning a budget helps a business allocate resources, evaluate performance, and formulate plans (Ward 2010). Based on Samsung Annual Report in 2007, Samsung spent a million of money to do research and development. However, the total of sales in 2007 was less than in 2006, it was only 6.17 %. It because the percentage of promotion that Samsung spent is very small compare with the other allocations budget. However, to increase sales volume in 2010, especially for new product in this case new vacuum cleaner, we propose the estimation budget plan for 2010. Financials Here is the breakdown of the budget planning Activity(Description) Budget (in %) Product research and development 8% HR development (recruitment) 2% Production staff training 4% Sales staff training 4% Administration 2% Campaigning 25% Advertising 25% Sales and Promotion cost 15% Market research 15% Total Budget 100% MARKET EVALUATION AND CONTROL 7.1 Sales Research We expect to raise the sales within 6 months after launching the product. In order to know the increase rate of sales, we will measure the amount of net profit we earn cross over the sales of shopping malls, showrooms and online. 7.2 Market Research We will find out the percentage of customers satisfactory on our product through their feedback on market place. According to the result of it, we will do the improvements in customer services and raise the consumer rate. 7.3 Product Research For the product research, we will try to know the acceptance of our products and ranking of popularity in the market. According to the ranking and acceptance, we will manufacture the products for the next launching. 7.4 Promotion Research For the promotion research, we will find out the information from the customer feedback which promotion they like most and the sales become higher during which promotion. Then the company can know which promotion is preferred by customers most. CONCLUSION We will build up the customer reliability on our products in able to achieve the higher profit and expand the market place by keeping the good quality products and convenience customer services. We will reach our goal by analyzing the customers behaviors, market place, and having business performance.