Tybalt and Benvolio Compare and Contrast - 759 Words

Tybalt and Benvolio In William Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet the opposition of Benvolio and Tybalt is deeply emphasized because they serve as dramatic foil to each other, Tybalt demonstrates the good and evil natures that exist in man, thus proving that evil is a destructive force. Tybalt and Benvolio differ in terms of values, respect and trust, but both are similar in the sense that they fiercely support their family. Readers see Tybalt as a pugnacious person and Benvolio as a person who makes peace, just like the same sides of a magnet these two characters do not like each other. Benvolio values peace and always tries to avoid fighting. An example is the Market scene when the servants from both house where fighting Benvolio says†¦show more content†¦Although, trust and respect is important, a thing that is far more important is family loyalty. Although many people see that Tybalt as a bad man and Benvolio, is a kind and trust-able man, the fact is, that they are quite similar in terms of Family Loyalty. Family is actually quite important to Tybalt. It is shown at the Capulet’s feast when he says It fits, when such a villain is a guest. Ill not endure him! (Romeo and Juliet 1.5 75-76). ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Themes of Love and Hate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet544 Words   |  3 Pagesand Hate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet This essay is about the contrast of love and hate in the play by Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet. The essay tells you about how Shakespeare uses language and actions to promote the themes of love and hate and contrast throughout the play. The way he uses certain characters as love and others as hate and how change the story line with the contrast. While Romeo is at the ball he spots Juliet and instantly falls in love Read MoreThe Importance of the First Scene in the Film Version of Romeo and Juliet1008 Words   |  5 Pagespopular as it contains universal themes of love and hate that can still be related to today. One of the importances of the first scene of the play is to introduce the audience to the majority of the lead charecters such as Romeo and Juliet, Benvolio and Tybalt, Sampson and Gregory, Lord and Lady Capulet, Lord and Lady Montague and Prince. Along with the different themes and use of language, which varies from crude to poetic, insultive to sexual. The use of language in the first scene straight awayRead MoreThe Emotions and Emotional Voices Portrayed in Romeo and Juliet845 Words   |  4 PagesThe emotions portrayed in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet play an important part in the composition of the play. The two crucial emotions that are introduced in Act One and used throughout the play are the antonyms of love and hate. Contrast between these emotions are used in the first act, which supplies us with a more realistic situation. The complicated and conflicting relationships between the characters in the play are explored and portrayed by these emotions. In Act One Scene One, the strongRead MoreEssay on Comparing Opening Sequences of Romeo and Juliet1626 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Opening Sequences of Romeo and Juliet In my essay I am going to compare the opening scenes the two versions of Romeo Juliet. One is by Franco Zeffirelli, which was made in the late 1970’s. The other one is by Baz Luhrmann and was made in 1996. The Zeffirelli version stars Leonardo Whiting as Romeo and Olivia Hussey as Juliet. This version was more authentic and traditional. It was filmed more in a way Shakespeare would have illusory it. It was set in ItalyRead MoreShakespeares Romeo and Juliet and Baz Lurhmanns Film Version1471 Words   |  6 PagesMercutio and Tybalt reflect the hatred between the Montagues and Capulets. Throughout this essay I shall be looking at the main characters of Act 3 Scene 1, also I will discuss the way Shakespeare presents the characters in the play and in contrast with Baz Lurhmanns film of Romeo and Juliet, to see if Lurhmann adds anything to how the characters are represented in the film. At the start of act 3 scene 1 we see Mercutios arrogance, as when confronted by Tybalt, he tellsRead MoreThe Contrast of Love and Hate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Contrast of Love and Hate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a love story that has more hostility and bloodshed than most of to days common television series. The play begins with an insurrection of the civilian people, ends with a double suicide, and in between of this hostility and bloodshed there is an act of three murders. All of this takes place in the duration of four petite days. In the love story of Romeo and Juliet it is frequentRead MoreThe Theme of Love Presented in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1630 Words   |  7 Pagesto her family - even in the face of loosing Tybalt who she speaks of as the best friend I ever had she still refers to Romeo as my dearer lord. Juliet has grown up and is prepared to accept responsibility for her choices and decisions. From familial love Juliet has moved to romantic, but true, love. A love of friendship plays an important part in the story and is allied to the idea of loyalty. Shakespeare uses Benvolio and Mercutio as representative of the MontagueRead MoreShow How the Masked Ball Scene in Act 1 Scene 5 of ‘Romeo and Juliet Is Such a Dramatic and Important Scene with Shakespeares Audiences. You Should Refer to Words in the Text but You May Also Include References to Filmed Versions You Have Watch...1746 Words   |  7 Pagesrefers to when Tybalt wants to get Romeo taken out of the Capulet party. Hate in this scene is seen in Capulets party being gate crashed by Romeo Montague and that the families are foes. The Luhrmann version of the film dramatises this scene as the characters are wearing clothes that reflect there roles in the play. Romeo wears armour and this makes him a knight in shining armour that will come to rescue Juliet. Juliet wears an angel costume to symbolise that she is young and pure. Tybalt wears a devilRead MoreComparison of the Opening Sequences of Two Different Versions of Romeo and Juilet2167 Words   |  9 PagesComparison of the Opening Sequences of Two Different Versions of Romeo and Juilet The objective of this essay is to compare two different film adaptations of William Shakespeares Romeo Juilet. Franco Zefferelli directed the first rendition of this play in 1968. This was the more conventional, traditional version of the play. It was slow, peaceful, and in my opinion, how Shakespeare wouldve wanted it. Despite it being old, it was a beautiful interpretation of ShakespearesRead MoreA Comparison of Two Versions of Romeo and Juliet Essays1989 Words   |  8 Pages which throws a net at traditional, middle aged and romantic people. The characters of Romeo and Juliet were played by unknown characters at that time, Olivia Hussey (Juliet) and Leonard Whiting (Romeo). There is a comprehensive contrast between Zeffiralis version and Lurhmanns one, which presents itself as soon as the movies begin. Lurhmanns version is an unconventional, modernised version of Shakespeares tragedy and it is specifically directed at a youthful

Analysis Of The Movie A Raisin Of The Sun - 938 Words

A Raisin in the Sun is a Move about dreams. The movie starts off in south side Chicago, evolving around a time period where racism was still common. The genre of the film is known as drama, and is based upon the Younger family. They receive a check from the death of the father in the story. The main characters’ struggle to deal with society, or in other words the â€Å"man.† The Younger family all have dreams that they wish to fulfil, and the ten-thousand-dollar check is the ticket to their dreams. There are many roles in the characters in the movie, for example gender. Walter feels that he’s supposed to be the man of the family. Once again, their race inhibits them from accomplishing their dreams. Walter Younger wants to invest his money, and is tired of the white man stopping his desires. His dreams are to have money, so he can live the American dream just like the fellow white men. Also to provide for his family, and most importantly his children. He works as a chauffeur opening door, and driving the white man around. Walter in the story struggles with his living, and the poverty that his family are in. In the story, Walter tries to invest his money into opening a liquor business. After losing his money in the investment. Towards the end of the movie, he starts to realize that his dreams are already there. This was a major inciting incident in the story. To repeat, Walter and his family dreams are crushed by Walters poor choices. When Walter investment fails, the family fallsShow MoreRelatedComparison of Oedipus Rex and a Raisin in the Sun Essay1874 Words   |  8 Pagesthe world. Oedipus Rex (King Oedipus) brings out the worst fate any society can think of, as it deals with the societal taboo of incest. So deep is the taboo, that a mental condition in psychology has been named as the â€Å"Oedipus Rex Complex†! Analysis of the work. Oedipus Rex is an Athenian tragedy that was first performed 429 BCE. I have found pride and integrity in this play. Oedipus the king thought highly about himself and in his pride, thought himself above everyone. And said to the peopleRead MoreTupac Shakur: A Brief Life Story1779 Words   |  7 Pagesprison after trying to help his sister escape prison. When Shakur was only 12 years he starred in the play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† he was a boy named Travis Younger and he also got the chance to preform it at the famous Apollo Theater in Manhattan, New York. In order to understand why Tupac Shakur is and American cultured icon, one need to have a description of his background a critical analysis of his moral behavior and his impact and importance in American music. A couple of years later he and hisRead MoreHow to Write a Research Paper11497 Words   |  46 Pagespoint may be too difficult for the reader to understand and the writer to support. More than one main point: Stephen Hawking s physical disability has not prevented him from becoming a world-renowned physicist, and his book is the subject of a movie. One main point: Stephen Hawking s physical disability has not prevented him from becoming a world-renowned physicist. 5. Preliminary Outline Before you can take notes in an organized way, you must have some idea of the kinds of informationRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 PagesStrategic management E) Distribution management Answer: A Page Ref: 5 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Easy 3) Identify the correct statement about marketing management. A) It is primarily concerned with the systematic gathering, recording, and analysis of data about issues related to marketing products and services. B) It focuses mostly on monitoring the profitability of a companys products and services. C) It focuses solely on attaining an organizations sales goals in an efficient manner. Read MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesor Tide or Heinz. However, it will always be an important, measurable brand characteristic. Perceived quality will directly influence purchase decisions and brand loyalty, especially when a buyer is not motivated or able to conduct a detailed analysis. It can also support a premium price, which, in turn can create gross margin that can be reinvested in brand equity. Further, perceived quality can be the basis for a brand extension. If a brand is well-regarded in one context, the assumption willRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics

American Fuel Supply Company Essay Example For Students

American Fuel Supply Company Essay American Fuel Supply Company Inc. 1. A major focus of the lawsuit Chevron Chemical filed against Touche Ross was the auditing profession’s rules regarding the â€Å"subsequent discovery of facts existing at the date of the auditor’s report†. Those rules distinguish between situations in which a client cooperates with the auditor in making all necessary disclosures and situations involving uncooperative clients. Briefly summarize the differing responsibilities that auditors have in those two sets of circumstances. Answer: International Standard of Auditing (ISA) Section 560 Subsequent Events paragraph 15 defined that â€Å"Subsequent discovery of facts existing at the date of the auditor’s report† is where the condition when after the financial statements have been issued, the auditor becomes aware of a fact which existed at the date of the auditor’s report and which if known at that date, may have caused the auditor to modify the auditor’s report, the auditor should consider whether the financial statements need revision, should discuss the matter with management, and should take the action appropriate in the circumstances. The subsequent discovery of facts requiring the recall or re-issuance of financial statements does not arise from business events occurring after the date of auditor’s report. While a number of situations may apply, the most common situation is where the previously financial statements contain material misstatements due to either unintentional or intentional actions by management. When facts are encountered that may affect the auditor’s previously issued report, the auditor should consult with his/her attorney because legal implications may be involved and actions taken by the auditor may involve confidential client-auditor communications. The auditor should determine whether the facts are reliable and whether they existed at the date of the audit report. The auditor should discuss the matter with an appropriate level of management and request cooperation in investigating the potential misstatement. Messier, Jr. , W. , Glover, S. M. Prawitt, D. F. 2008) If the auditor determines that the previously issued financial statements are in error and the audit report is affected, he/she should request that the client issue an immediate revision to the financial statements and auditor’s report. The reasons for the revisions should be described in the footnotes to the revised financial statement. (Messier, Jr. , W. , Glover, S. M. Prawitt, D. F. 2008). ISA Section 560 paragraph 16 further explained the responsibilities of the auditors in the situation when a client cooperates with the auditor in making all necessary disclosures. It stated that when management revises the financial statements, the auditor would carry out the audit procedures necessary in the circumstances, would review the steps taken by management to ensure that anyone in receipt of the previously issued financial statements together with the auditor’s report thereon is informed of the situation and would issue a new report on the revised financial statements. ISA Section 560 paragraph 17 highlighted that the new auditor’s report should include an emphasis of a matter paragraph referring to a note to the financial statements that more extensively discusses the reason for the revision of the previously issued financial statements and to the earlier report issued by the auditor. The new auditor’s report would be dated not earlier than the date of approval of the revised financial statements. If the client refuses to cooperate and make the necessary disclosures, the auditor should notify the board of directors and take the following steps, if possible: * Notify the client that the auditor’s report must no longer be associated with the financial statements * Notify any regulatory agencies having jurisdiction over the client that the auditor’s report can no longer be relied upon. * Notify each person known to the auditor to be relying on the financial statements. Notifying a regulatory agency such as the SEC is often the only practical way of providing appropriate disclosure. (Messier, Jr. , W. Glover, S. M. Prawitt, D. F. 2008) The opinion of the above author also supported by ISA Section 560 paragraphs 18. It stated that when management does not take the necessary steps to ensure that anyone in receipt of the previously issued financial statements together with the auditor’s report thereon is informed of the situation and does not revise the financia l statements in circumstances where the auditor believes they need to be revised, the auditor would notify those charged with governance of the entity that action will be taken by the auditor to prevent future reliance on the auditor’s report. Sir Gawain And The Green Knight: The Role Of Women EssayI would like to support my opinion with a case. The case Fund of Funds Ltd vs. Arthur Andersen Co is an example of a case where the CPA was deemed to have had a duty to disclose. Arthur Andersen Co (AA) was the auditor for two clients, Fund of Funds Ltd (FF) and King Resources Corp. (KRC). KRC developed natural resource properties and agreed to be the sole vendor of such properties to FF at prices no higher than those charged KRS’s industrial clients. AA learned the agreement was not being met but failed to inform FF. The court ruled AA should have disclosed this fact to FF because 1) they had knowledge of the overcharges, 2) they knew of the terms of the agreement that was being violated and 3) the language of their engagement letter produced a contractual obligation to reveal such information. (Cashell, J. D. , Fuerman, R. D. ) This case proved that auditors got the obligation to disclose fraud or any misstatement to the outsiders. 4. Suppose that Touche Ross had resigned as AFS’s auditor following the completion of the 1985 audit but prior to the discovery of the error in the 1985 financial statements. What responsibility, if any, would Touche Ross have had when it learned of the error in AFS’s 1985 financial statements? Answer: According to the AU section 9561 Subsequent Discovery of Facts Existing at the Date of the Auditor’s Report: Auditing Interpretations of Section 561, it required that the auditor to undertake to determine whether the information is reliable and whether the facts existed at the date of his report. This undertaking must be performed even when the auditor has resigned or been discharged. Hence, when Touche Ross had learned of the error in AFS’s 1985 financial statements, it still has its own responsibility to investigate its reliability and whether it existed at the date of the report although it had resigned as AFS’s auditor following the completion of the 1985 audit. If the investigation finds the financial statements or report would have been affected by the error if known earlier and it is believed there are persons urrently relying or likely to rely on the financial statements who would attach importance to the information, the auditor who have resigned should also advise the client to make appropriate disclosure of the newly discovered facts. The responsibilities of the resigned auditors in the situations in which a client cooperates with the auditors in making all necessary disclosures and situations involving uncooperative clients are totally the same with the continuing auditor. As stated in the case Fischer vs. Kletz, Peat, Marwick, Mitchell Co. (PMM) had reported on financial statements it later discovered were incorrect at the time they were issued. PMM argued their duty ended once the audit report was issued. A key factor in the court’s denial of PMM’s motion to dismiss the claim was the representations were false at the time of issuance. (Cashell, J. D. , Fuerman, R. D. ) Back to the AFS case, if the Touche Ross had resigned as an auditor for AFS, it still had the responsibilities to correct previously issued information. It is because the error happened in AFS’s 1985 financial statement which Touche Ross was fully in charged in auditing the financial statement in that particular year. In addition, Touche Ross who had resigned as an auditor of AFS should inform the successor auditor of AFS of the material misstatement so that the successor will aware of the issue and might carry out extensive audit procedures by collecting more audit evidence in the current year audit to avoid the same issue happened in the current year. References Messier, Jr. , W. , Glover, S. M. Prawitt, D. F. (2008). Auditing Assurance Services: A Systematic Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Arens, A. A. , Elder, R. J. , Beasley, M. S. , Amran, N. A. , Fadzil, F. H. , Muhammad Yusof, N. Z. , et al. (2008). Auditing and Assurance Services in Malaysia: An Integrated Approach (Second Edition). Selangor: Prentice Hall Cashell, J. D. Fuerman, R. D. (n. d), Auditing: The CPA’s Responsibility for Client Information. The CPA Journal. Retrieved October 12, 2009 from http://www. nysscpa. org/cpajournal/1995/SEP95/aud0995. htm International Federation of Accountants (2008). Handbook of International Auditing,

Marketing Planning and Research Environmental Factors

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Planning and Researchfor Environmental Factors. Answer: Environmental Analysis There are various environmental factors which are affecting the marketing function of a company. Those environmental factors which are affecting the marketing function of a company are divided into two factors. The two factors are 1) internal environmental factor and 2) external environmental factor (Cadeaux Ng, 2012). The internal environmental factors mainly refer the factors which affect the company internally that are within the firm. These factors are also known as, controllable factors. The internal environmental factors are easily controlled by the company. The external environmental factors are the factors which affect the company externally (Ozuem, Limb, Lancaster, 2016). The external factor of the marketing environment of the company is again classified into two environmental factors (Cirikovi?, 2014). Those two factors are 1) Macro environmental factors and 2) Micro environmental factors. Figure: The internal and external environmental factors of an organization The macro and micro environmental factors are not in the hand of the marketers of the company like 100 plus (isotonic drink). The marketers cannot have any control over those external environmental factors (Kadirov, 2011). However, these external factors always influence the marketers decisions which are taken at the time of creating the marketing strategy of the company. The marketers of 100plus (isotonic drink) Company also face the problems which are related to these types of macro and micro environmental factors. The two types of external environmental factors are described below- Macro-Environmental Factors The macro environmental factors depend on various factors. The factors are described below- Demographic Factors The various segments of the market of any company are affected by some common demographic factors. The demographic factors are 1) country or region, 2) age, 3) gender, 4) level of education, 5) cultural characteristics, 6) household lifestyles and 7) ethnicity. The marketers of the 100 plus company are affected by the demographic factors at the time of making a decision relating to the market strategy of the company. Economic Factors The economic factors of a company always affect the production process of the company and also in the process of decision making of the consumers (Kennedy, 2015). The economic factors of the 100 plus (isotonic drink) also affect the companys production unit and also in the process of making decisions by the consumers. Technological Factors The working skills and knowledge are the main factors which affect the company and help a company to develop. To run a production of smoothly the technological skill and knowledge are most important factors which influence the entire business and enhance a great development of the company. Political and Legal Issues For making a good marketing decision, the marketers of the company like 100 plus (isotonic drink) should be aware of the legal and political development of the company. Natural Issue The natural resources that are the renewal and non-renewal resource of nature which affects the decision of the marketing strategy of any company li8ke 100 plus are marked as the natural issues. Micro Environmental Factors The micro environmental factors depend on various factors. The factors are described below- The Suppliers The suppliers of the company have a control over the success of the business in some of the time. The suppliers become powerful when they are the largest supplier of that particular product to the company. The Resellers When the company products are marketed by the 3rd party reseller such as wholesalers, retailers, etc. then the success of the company totally depends on the ability of the 3rd party. When the product of the 100 plus are marketed by 3rd party reseller in the other country the company success totally depends on that 3rd party. The Competitors The companies who sell the same service and products in the same market, they are the main competitors of the company (Korhonen-Sande, 2010). The quality and price of the competitors product always become an issue for a company. In Singapore, H- TWO-O is one of the chief competitors of 100 plus (isotonic drink) Company. The H- TWO-O product is developed by Yeo Hiap Seng. The Customers The customers play an important role at the time of buying the products of any company. Competitive Strategy The long term planning which is made by a company to achieve the competitive advantages against their competitors in the market is known as competitive strategy. By the help of competitive strategy, the company can make a safe position in that particular industry. For this reason, the company can generate a high-level Return on Investment (ROI) (Lysonski, Durvasula, Madhavi, 2012). The competitive strategies become more effective when the companies deal with same products. Before preparing a competitive strategy the company should evaluate their SWOT analysis of the company. Marketing Mix The marketing mix is the marketing tools which are utilized by the company at the time of making any type of marketing plan within the company. The marketing mix of the product 100 plus (isotonic) drink is consists of 4Ps. The 4Ps are product, pricing, place and promotion. Figure: 4Ps in marketing mix Product The product is the item which is produced to sell in the market for a group of people. The product may be tangible and intangible. The products which are received is may be in the form of goods or services ("THE MARKETING MIX: A REVIEW", 2014). The product of the 100 plus isotonic drink is a health drink. It is a tangible product. Pricing Among the 4Ps the pricing basically refers the amount or price of the products. This amount is paid by the consumers or customers who want to enjoy or buy the product. The price factor is very important for a sound marketing. The price tag makes a perception in the eyes of the customers or consumers. Place The place is the most important factor in the 4Ps marketing mix. The company should fix a place to distribute their products to the accessible buyers. The 100 plus isotonic drink product also fix their market in Singapore for the first time. Promotion In the field of marketing Promotion are the most important factors. By the help of promotion, the company fixes their brand identity to the target market. Promotion is consists of public relation, sales promotion, advertising and sales organization. The 100 plus isotonic drink products are promoted by Lee Chong Wei, who is an Olympic player in badminton. He is a silver medalist. The 100 plus isotonic drink company make him a brand ambassador of their products. References Cadeaux, J. Ng, A. (2012). Environmental uncertainty and forward integration in marketing: theory and meta?analysis.European Journal Of Marketing,46(1/2), 5-30. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090561211189202 Cirikovi?, E. (2014). Marketing Mix in Tourism.AJIS. https://dx.doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n2p111 Kadirov, D. (2011). Macro-Systems Role of Marketing: Do We Trade Environment for Welfare?.Journal Of Macromarketing,31(4), 359-375. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146711409944 Kennedy, A. (2015). Macro-social Marketing.Journal Of Macromarketing,36(3), 354-365. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146715617509 Korhonen-Sande, S. (2010). Micro-foundations of market orientation: Influencing non-marketing managers' customer information processing.Industrial Marketing Management,39(4), 661-671. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2009.06.006 Lysonski, S., Durvasula, S., Madhavi, A. (2012). Evidence of a secular trend in attitudes towards the macro marketing environment in India: pre and post economic liberalization.Journal Of Consumer Marketing,29(7), 532-544. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07363761211275036 Ozuem, W., Limb, N., Lancaster, G. (2016). Exploring the locus of internal marketing.Journal Of Strategic Marketing, 1-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0965254x.2016.1211729 THE MARKETING MIX: A REVIEW. (2014).ELK Asia Pacific Journal Of Marketing And Retail Management. https://dx.doi.org/10.16962/eapjmrm/issn.2349-2317/2014/v5i4-03

Prevention of Disease

Health is very important to all people because it determines how a person can best enjoy his or her life. God created man to take care of His creations but man’s activities and aggressiveness are posing a great threat to his health. This paper discusses the prevention of breast cancer and diabetes. These two illnesses are currently curable depending on the intensity of infection but scientists have established methods of managing them. First let’s have a look at the causes and treatment of breast cancer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention of Disease specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Breast Cancer Breast cancer just as its name suggests affects the mammary glands. It affects both men and women, but women are more prone than men. The first indicator of breast cancer is the presence of a lump that feels like a swollen matter that is not tender like the rest of the breast tissues. The lump can de velop for a longtime without being realized but it can be identified by in early stages by using a mammogram. Other visible symptoms are deformity in the appearance of the breast due to swelling and also the nipple turns upside down. Discharge may also ooze from the infected breast and it may be accompanied by a sharp pain. The breast also looks reddish and pale in complexion coupled with mild temperatures. The chances of contracting cancer are determined by age, sex, financial status, hormonal level, race and diet. A woman who suffered from cancer in the recent past is more prone to breast cancer. This argument is based on the history of an individual. In some instances breast cancer has been found to be hereditary. Medew (2010) argues that if one member of a given family was diagnosed with breast cancer, the women of that lineage are more prone to breast cancer than any other. Breast cancer can be detected by screening the patients using x-ray technology and also injecting a needl e into the breast tissue to collect the fluid for cross evaluation. Self breast evaluations are also highly recommended and they are done by stroking one’s breasts to help identify any abnormal internal protrusions. Breast cancer is normally treated by dissecting the infected breast in order to remove the affected part. Chemotherapy is also efficient in treating breast cancer and it is administered for 3 to 6 months with the aim of destroying the DNA of the cancerous cells hence deterring their growth. Radiation is usually the last option after surgery and it’s considered expensive hence most patients can not afford it. Radiation is applied after the growth has been literary excavated from the breast. The area adjacent to the abnormal growth is radiated to kill any cancerous cells that might have detached themselves from the growth.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are several ways that help to reduce chances of contracting breast cancer. First people must adopt responsible drinking behavior because alcohol is the major inducer of many kinds of cancer. Smokers are also at risk of contracting cancer including people who are subjected to secondary smoke. Actually, most governments have banned smoking in public places. Regular exercising and a balanced diet are strongly recommended for keeping weight at bay. Diabetes Diabetes is a metabolical disorder whereby the body is unable to make its own sugar or rather insulin. Diabetes is divided into two, namely type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes is caused by lack of insulin in the pancreas and is common among health conscious adults. Diabetes is also transmissible. Type 2 diabetes is caused by failure of insulin because the available quantity is not satisfactory for metabolic reaction in the body. Most people suffer from this kind of diabetes. Smokers are more prone to diabetes. Bad eating habits increase chances of contracting diabetes because the fats in junk food are attached to blood veins therefore increasing blood pressure which can cause heart attack. Idling also promotes diabetes because the body does not burn excess carbohydrates hence contribute to accumulation of cholesterol in blood veins. Stress is also known to induce diabetes. This is because stress causes a person’s blood pressure to increase abruptly. According to Rother (2002), the immediate indicators of diabetes include increased rate of urinating in a short period. The person may also feel thirsty and hungry in most cases. Other indicators include nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting and regular breathing problems. The treatment of diabetes is impossible but it can be managed by creating a balance in blood sugar. Experts argue that diabetes can be controlled by eating appropriate foods that have low fat content and also routine exercises to burn existing body fat. Patients are encouraged to avoid sit uations that might increase their blood pressure such as drinking alcohol, arguments and anger. There are also appropriate medicines that are used to control blood sugar such as aspirin. References Rother, KI. (2007).†Diabetes treatment-bridging the divide.† The New England Journal of Medicine .356(15):1499-1501. Medew, J. (2010).Study finds big risk of cancer in the family. Australia: Sydney Morning Hearld.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Prevention of Disease specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Prevention of Disease was written and submitted by user Kaitlynn Bates to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Vatican City Is an Independent Country

Vatican City Is an Independent Country There are eight accepted criteria used to determine whether an entity is an independent country (also known as a State with a capital s) or not. Let us examine these eight criteria in regard to the Vatican City, a tiny (the smallest in the world) country located entirely within the city of Rome, Italy. The Vatican City is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church, with over one billion adherents worldwide. Why the Vatican City Counts as a Country 1. Has space or territory that has internationally recognized boundaries (boundary disputes are OK.) Yes, the Vatican City’s boundaries are undisputed even though the country is located entirely within the city of Rome. 2. Has people who live there on an ongoing basis. Yes, the Vatican City is home to approximately 920 full-time residents who maintain passports from their home country and diplomatic passports from the Vatican. Thus, it is as though the entire country is composed of diplomats. In addition to the over 900 residents, approximately 3000 people work at the Vatican City and commute into the country from the greater Rome metropolitan area. 3. Has economic activity and an organized economy. A country regulates foreign and domestic trade and issues money. Somewhat. The Vatican relies on the sale of postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to museums, and the sale of publications as governmental revenue. The Vatican City issues its own coins. There is not much foreign trade but there is significant foreign investment by the Catholic Church. 4. Has the power of social engineering, such as education. Sure, although there aren’t a lot of kids there! 5. Has a transportation system for moving goods and people. There are no highways, railroads, or airports. The Vatican City is the smallest country in the world. It only has streets within the city, which is 70% of the size of the Mall in Washington D.C. As a landlocked country surrounded by Rome, the country relies on the Italian infrastructure for access to the Vatican City. 6. Has a government that provides public services and police power. Electricity, telephones, and other utilities are provided by Italy. The internal police power of the Vatican City is the Swiss Guards Corps (Corpo della Guardia Svizzera). External defense of the Vatican City against foreign enemies is the responsibility of Italy. 7. Has sovereignty. No other State should have power over the countrys territory. Indeed, and amazingly enough, the Vatican City does have sovereignty. 8. Has external recognition. A country has been voted into the club by other countries. Yes! It is the Holy See which maintains international relations; the term Holy See refers to the composite of the authority, jurisdiction, and sovereignty vested in the Pope and his advisers to direct the worldwide Roman Catholic Church. Created in 1929 to provide a territorial identity for the Holy See in Rome, the State of the Vatican City is a recognized national territory under international law. The Holy See maintains formal diplomatic relations with 174 nations and 68 of these countries maintain permanent resident diplomatic missions accredited to the Holy See in Rome. Most embassies are outside of the Vatican City and are Rome. The other countries have missions located outside Italy with dual accreditation. The Holy See maintains 106 permanent diplomatic missions to nation-states around the world. The Vatican City/Holy See is not a member of the United Nations. They are an observer. Thus, the Vatican City does meet all eight criteria for independent country status so we should consider it as an independent State.

Asset Planning Discussion Post 5 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Asset Planning Discussion Post 5 - Coursework Example Legally, she would be held liable for making decisions without involving her mother who is the genuine investor (Securities and Exchange Commission, 2003). As a result, a broker cannot proceed with the changes before getting permission from the original investor. It was evident that Joyce had no clue on the happenings and looked confused on the questions raised by the broker. The first step a broker would take is to ensure that the original broker was consulted the proposed changes. This is to avoid impersonation and misrepresentation of material facts that would later jeopardize the agreement. Another viable step to take is to ignore the changes because of the investor’s age factor that cannot allow for a long-term investment plan. Similarly, investment objective was another issue that directly affects suitability (Securities and Exchange Commission, 2003). Rebecca wanted venture-capital type investments contrary to Joyce’s small-cap growth, which was against the agreement. In this regard, the lack of interest shown by Joyce was a clear manifestation that she was not privy to the proposals made by her daughter Rebecca. The investment advisor or broker should not make any changes since it is illegal and can result in financial losses (Stanley,

The accidental investment and Mans search for meaning compared Essay

The accidental investment and Mans search for meaning compared - Essay Example These themes revolve around ethics, morality, values and motivation. Ethics is the differentiation of good and bad and so is morality. Morality however has an aspect that revolves around the background the individual or people have been brought up in and the morals that were instilled in such individuals. It is therefore not a wonder then that in the first book which solely deals with bankers, the author describes in detail how some bankers shamelessly and in most cases surreptitiously swindle their clients finances by lying about investments and especially those made through the internet. The author who was also in that business but later due to the lack of ethics and morality of the colleagues left explains how those bankers are self-centered thinking only about their future and not of those clients. This may be termed as a lack of morality, self-value and even ethics. The theme of motivation in this book becomes evident where it the motivations of the bankers to make ends meet and avoid having a poor future that make them swindle and lie to clients about investments. The same can be said about the second book whose concept of lack of morality, values and ethics revolves around the Nazi soldiers whose lack of the above mentioned themes led to them treating the Jews inhumanely and subjecting them to unbearable torture. It is this torture that made the author of the book decide to introduce a motivator through counseling the rest of the prisoners to keep their hopes and dreams alive and avoid them losing touch and giving up in life despite them being in the concentration camp. In the first book about investment, the author gives first-hand experience of what really goes on in the investment business that the rest of the population do not know are simply too ignorant to understand. The ethics and morality by bankers in the investment business has simply evolved from being that based on truth and deep care for the client to that of making money and generating rev enue regardless of how they will do it. Their values are not in customer satisfaction or benefit like it used to be the case in other previous decades, they simply think about themselves and their future which is uncertain and hence will fleece the innocent investors of their money without flinching an eye. Their motivation relies on internet and it superb working to connect many investors and at the same time remain faceless hence avoiding feelings of guilt in the end. The other book â€Å"Man’s search of meaning† is simply a personal experience about the author’s time spent in Nazi’s concentration camp, the hardships they faced, the inhumane treatment, the lack of morals and values by the guards running the camps and in the end the motivation behind survival in the camps and not giving up hope in spite of all the mistreatment. The theme of the first part of the book is about ethics and morality and how the guards in the concentration camp just like the bankers in the above book think about only themselves and hence step down harder on the rest of the people to achieve their goals and objectives at the end of the day. The motivation in the second part where logo therapy is employed by the author in a bid to keep alive and survive all that is interconnected with the motivation behind the banker’s use of internet to benefit themselves and feel less guilt or sad emotions for what they are doing. 2 How do the themes connect with my own ethics, values, interests and motivators? Ethics enable a person differentiate between the good and the bad and therefore make one avoid or correct the things that are deemed bad by the individual or society and concentrate on the good or work towards the good. The

Kierkegaard's account(s) of faith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kierkegaard's account(s) of faith - Essay Example His philosophy states that infinites passion is capable enough of overriding the seemingly impossible. It goes against the seemingly uncertain and the unlikely Even if there is objective uncertainty, infinite passion has the power to bring about change and make things happen. On the other hand the account of faith discussed by Johannes de Silentio in Fear and Trembling, through Knight of Faith, resides on the premise that through belief in the absurd, even the impossible can be made possible. This is intrinsic faith. We all believe in the absurd. What is absurd? It could be God, it could be the â€Å"universe conspiring for you to connect you with your goal, it could be a holy spiritual energy, it could be coincidence or anything which defies reason. Intrinsic Faith is a concept or a practise that can be cultivated through belief and conscious conviction about a thing happening or an event taking place successfully despite the mammoth obstacles in front. In case of Knight of Faith, he has resigned to the fact that he will never get the princess, but through faith, it is possible to get to his desired destiny. The power of faith is at its fullest application in connecting the Knight of Faith with his goal. ... These two philosophies of faith are different. According to the writer Pojman, the difference in the two account’s of faith, that of Kierkegaard and that of Johannes Climacus is perspective. Their perspectives are different. Kierkegaard writes with an insider-point of view about Christianity, whereas Climacus writes about it from the outside. However both agree on how one becomes a true Christian and on the matter of Christianity. (Sands 17) If a situation or a circumstance or an event is foreseen with infinite passion and belief in the absurd, it gathers positive energy from the ‘doer’ or ‘wisher’ as well as spiritual energy from the unknown power – God. If anything had to happen beyond predictable turn of events, defying reason it had to happen through positive belief in the divine power and through infinite passion. . (Sands 25) What objections might be made to Kierkegaard’s account(s) of faith, and how might he answer them? The objec tion that can be made to Kierkegaard’s account of faith is that by writing from the view-point of an unbeliever, Kierkegaard hoped to ‘beguile’ readers into recognising their own necessity to convert into Christianity. . (Sands 17) Another objection raised against Kierkegaard’s account of faith is â€Å"Kierkegaard's treatment of religious belief is that it fails to distinguish between someone who has a justified belief and someone who is insane.† (Philosophy of Religion 1) To this objection Kierkegaard would say that like existence itself, religious belief has no ultimate rational justification and therefore there is no way to distinguish it from reality. Kierkegaard would say that stage of infinite resignation is the last stage before faith. Therefore, anyone who has not made this movement,

Marketing Report Of Tesco Marketing Essay

Marketing Report Of Tesco Marketing Essay Aim of this easy focus on Tesco marketing operation and how they control their domestic and international market. The information that use in this report is secondary data and also different techniques, analysis such as PESTEL analysis, SWOT analysis, Marketing mix analysis, market segmentation, targeting analysis etc are used to discover Tescos marketing position in national and international place. Executive Summary 2 The main aim of marketing is to understand customers needs and to develop a right way that can cover all this essential matter. Basically marketing jobs is make sure always and find out about customer requirements. 2 2 Introduction 5 Definitions of Marketing 5 Main Characteristics of Marketing 6 Key elements of market orientation 7 Benefits of marketing approach 7 Cost of marketing approach 8 Market orientation assessment 8 Market segmentation criteria 9 Targeting Strategy 10 Affects of buyer behavior 11 Marketing Mix 13 Different between domestic and international market 15 Different marketing strategy of Tesco 16 SWOT analysis of TESCO 19 http://wc1.smartdraw.com/examples/content/Examples/06_Quality_Control/SWOT_Diagrams/SWOT_Diagram_-_Market_Analysis_L.jpg (access-07-01-2010) 19 Another element of marketing mix 21 Conclusion 23 Recommendation 23 Based on this analysis we can say that TESCO doing vary well retail market in UK. Now they expand their business all over the world and for that TESCO need to care full about there marketing because different country has different type of customer and their needs also no same. 23 Introduction TESCO is top leading retailer in UK. It manages over a thousand supermarkets, hypermarkets, and convenience store in the United Kingdom, Ireland, central Europe, and Asia. TESCO started life in 1919 when Jack Cohen started surplus groceries from a stall in the East end of London. MR Cohen made profit of 1 from sales of 4 on his first day. TESCO brand first appear five years after in 1942 when he bought shipment of tea from a MR T. E Stockwell. From that time TESCO slowly improve in retail business and now they are take top position in UK retail business. Tesco aim is provide best products for their customer and make sure about customer requirements. Definitions of Marketing The definitions of marketing of marketing can be divided into two categories: Classical (narrow) and Modern (board) The classical definition of marketing has several weaknesses that are overcome in the modern definition. A proper definition of marketing should not be confined to goods and service. It should cover organization (for example, Florida Orange growers), people (political candidates and celebrities), place (Denver, Colorado), and ideas (the value of a college education). Figure 1-1 definition of marketing:- Classical / narrow Modern / board 1. Marketing is the performance activates that direct the flow goods and service from producer to consumer or user. (Ralph S.Alexander (Chairman), Report of the definitions committee, journal of marketing, vol. 12 (October 1948), pp. 202-217) 1. Marketing is the exchange taking place between consuming groups on the one hand and supplying groups on the other. (Wroe Alderson, marketing Behavior and Executive Action (Hoewood, 3 Richard D. Irwin, 1957), p. 42). 2. Marketing is the process in a society by which the demand structure for economic goods and service is anticipated or enlarged and satisfied through the conception, promotion, and physical distribution of such goods and services. (Statement of the Philosophy of the marketing faculty, the Ohio state University, The journal of marketing, vol. 29 (January 1965), pp. 43-44). 2. Marketing is concerned with regulating the level, timing, and character of demand for one or more products of an organization. (Philip kotler, The major task of marketing Management, Journal of Marketing, vol. 37 (October 1973), p. 42). 3. Marketing is human activity directed at satisfying needs and through exchange processes. (Philip kotler, Marketing Management: Planning, Analysis, and Control, fourth edition (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-hall, 1980), p. 19). Main Characteristics of Marketing There are four main characteristics of marketing oriented organization: Production Orientation: This is organizational or values where competitive advantage is attained through increase productivity or volume. Its a traditional orientation that exists in the Henry ford era. In modern times this is practiced in compliment with other orientations. Product Orientation: An organizational culture where competitive advantage gained through the creation of product leadership (high quality features) becomes the sole objective of a business. Sales orientations: An organizational culture where competitive advantage attainted through the creation of superior sales force to generate adequate sales becomes the objectives of a business. Carphone warehouse attained its objectives through telemarketing. Marketing Orientations: An organizational culture where beating competition through the creation of superior customer value is the paramount objective throughout the business (piercy, market led strategic change 2001). Key elements of market orientation The main key elements of market orientation are: Customer orientation: Understanding customer well enough to create superior value for them. Long term profit focus: Having this as strategic focus business objective. Interfunctional coordination: Mobilising all company resource to create value for target customer. Competitor orientation: Awareness of the short and long term capabilities of competitors. Organizational Culture: Management and employee behavior to focus on customer satisfactions a value. These are the key aliments that must be flow in oriented organization. Benefits of marketing approach High customer satisfaction, loyalty and retention Increase sales and market share Growth in profitability Enhanced competitive advantage Improved corporate image Cost of marketing approach Increasing customer expectations Staff training and development needs Technology requirement for customer contact and improved ways of doing business Increase resource demand to providing customer specific marketing Complex customer growing needs and power Market orientation assessment Customer orientation Regular collection of information on customer needs Customer focus corporate policies and objectives Regular customer satisfaction review and improved service levels Responsiveness to customer needs Market offers reflecting the various needs of distinct segments Competitor orientation Regular collection of information on competitor activities Responsiveness to competitor actions Bench marking on competitor offering Differentiating on the basis of customer needs Market segmentation criteria In addition to having different needs, for segments to be practical they should be evaluated against the following criteria: Identifiable: the differentiating attributes of the segments must be measurable so that they can be identified Accessible: the segments must be reachable through communication and distribution channels. Substantial: the segments should be sufficiently large to justify the resource required to target them. Unique needs: to justify separate offerings, the segments must respond differently to the different marketing mixes. Durable: the segments should be relatively stable to minimize the cost of frequent changes. A good market segmentation will result in segment that are internally homogenous and externally heterogeneous, that is, as similar as possible within the segment, and as different as possible between segments. Base for Segmentation in consumer markets: Consumer markets can be segmented on the following customer characteristics: Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioralistic http://www.netmba.com/marketing/market/segmentation/ (access-05-01-2010) Targeting Strategy There are several different target-market strategies that may be followed. Targeting strategies usually can be categorized as one of the following: Single-segment: strategy also known as a concentrated strategy. One market segment (not the entire market) is served with one marketing mix. A single-segment approach often is the strategy of choice for smaller companies with limited resources. Selective specialization: this is a multiple-segment strategy, also known as a differentiated strategy. Different marketing mixes are offered to different segments. Product specialization: the firm specializes in serving a particular product and tailors it to different market segments. Market specialization: the firm specializes in serving a particular market segment and offers that segment an array of different products. Full market coverage: the firm attempts to serve the entire market. This coverage can be achieved by means of either a mass market strategy in which a single undifferentiated marketing mix is offered to the entire market, or by a differentiated strategy in which a separate marketing mix is offered to each segment. The following diagrams show examples of the five market selection patterns given three market segments S1, S2, and S3, and three products P1, P2, and P3. Single Segment Selective Specialization Product Specialization Market Specialization Full Market Coverage S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 S1 S2 S3 P1 P2 P3 http://www.netmba.com/marketing/market/segmentation/ (access-05-01-2010) A firm that is seeking to enter a market and grow should first target the most attractive segment that matches its capabilities. Affects of buyer behavior One of the most important parts of marketing is buyer or customer behavior. Because of that TESCO must understand why a customer or buyer makes a purchase. Without such an understanding it is hard for TESCO to respond customers needs and wants. According to Peter Clark, co-editor of the Wise Market and co-author of the loyalty Guide reports series, there are six major factors that play key roles in influencing the loyalty and commitment of customer: http://www.thewisemarketer.com/news/read.asp?lc=w29860tx2320zs (access-05-01-2010) This six factors working when every customer goes to buy something. There for TESCO contain to this factor. Because of customer different needs TESCO has focus to maintain what they want and it also depend on different buying situation. There are two main factors that influence a purchase: Cultural factor: Cultural factors have a significant impact on customer behavior. Culture is the most basic cause of persons wants and behavior. Growing up, children learn basic values, perception, and wants from the family and other important groups. Social factor: A customer buying behavior is also influenced by social factors, such as the groups to which the customer belongs and social status. http://www.tutor2u.net/business/marketing/buying_introduction.asp (access-5-01-2010) This all factor effects on TESCO marketing operation because customer is now king and every business have to make sure about there needs. For example in local market means UK TESCO can sale pork but in Asian market it is not possible to sale pork in every place. Organization duty to make sure about customer requirements and also maintain there cultural and social wants. Marketing Mix The concept of a marketing mix is best described by (1990, 43) claiming that is the set of controllable marketing variables that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market it is compose of 4ps: product, price, place, and promotion. In the context of TESCO, their entry to the Chiness market should significantly adapt to the culture of the consumer in the said location. However, the company should take into keep in mind the basic standards to which their company adheres to. Product: The management of TESCO should set off product development strategies once they have taken control of their shop in China by marketing their existing products, exporting products in different province of the country and in so doing pressing forward on the possible opportunities of boosting the companys market penetration and market share. Tesco should consider restoring or revising models of their product to provide the Chiness customers what they want and what they need. In this way Tesco could develop the stores own brand product which could be marketed strategically within the territory of china. Price: Looking at the situation of Tesco, one way that it could acquire cost advantage is by enhancing process efficiency, expanding exclusive contact to a large supplier of lower cost materials, or steering clear of several costs in general. If rival organizations in the country are incapable to lower their costs by a comparable quantity, Tesco will be capable of sustaining a competitive anchored cost leadership. Place: To develop its success in its retail operations, the Tesco should make multi-million pound investments in store expansion in low-income districts and localities. By getting involved with similar-minded public and private sector groups like local community based associations, colleges, and chambers of commerce, the Tesco will be able to open sites in economically disadvantage districts in china. Targeting these areas will enable the company to gain of local luminaries and gain favor from the local government by providing employment to the locals. Promotion: The Tescos approach should constitute a long-standing strategic plan that centers on generation value to expand the loyalty of their customer which takes account of preserving a well-built central Chinese business, to be as strapping in non-food as food product and services, to develop globally and to set the ball rolling on retailing services like on-line shopping. http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/08/tesco-marketing-mix.html (access-05-01-2010) The bottom-line is that object of the marketing mix is to satisfy the customer and in this analysis we can see place play most important roll in china situation. Because of that Tesco not catch that much success like UK or other place. Other hand tesco product price is contribute to get success of Tesco and for that in UK Tesco is a number one retail company. Different between domestic and international market There are eight main factors which is play the key roles to different between domestic and international market. The factor is below: Market size Market rate of growth Government regulation Economic and political factor Market share Product fit Contribution margin Market support (Marketing Today: Gordon Oliver 3rd edition; (1990) prentice hall Inter. (UK) limited. Hertfordshire) These are the key factor which is making different in global and domestic market. For example: In the case of Tesco, Malaysia, economic development condition, food supply chains are being rationalized according to more complicated major retail and food service consumers who wants to make business with fewer, larger, better-resourced manufacturers, suppliers and farmers. Therefore, power is polarizing the global retail industry. However Tesco has a long term business strategy in order increase profits, the company has three different dimensions in their strategies, and these are: corporate, functional and global or international. In this example we can see that how and why international marketing operation of Tesco deferent from domestic market operation. http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2009/11/strategic-marketing-tescopestleswotbcg.html (access-06-01-2010) Different marketing strategy of Tesco Tesco brought about o lot of changes in these marketing strategies and has grown to become UKs number one retailer. Today in the UK, the retailer has been dominant force more than 10 years-(Seth, A. Randall G., The Grocers: The Rise and Rise of the supermarket Chains). If we look in Tesco history we can see Tesco always change there strategy within time base and for that they get success constantly. In 1973 Lesile Porter and managing director lan MacLaurin applied one philosophy that is pile it high, sell it cheap which had left the company stagnating and with a bad image. In 1977 Tesco launched Operation Checkout which included the abandonment of green Shield stamps, price reductions and centralized buying for all stores. The result is a rise in market share of 4% in two month. 1990s In 1994 the company took over the supermarket chain William Low, successfully fighting off Sainsburys for control of the Dundee-based firm which operated 57 stores. Tesco introduced a loyalty card, branded Clubcard in 1995 and later an internet shopping service. In 1997 Tesco and Esco (part of Exxonmobil) forged a business alliance that included several petrol filling stations on lease from Esco, with Tesco operating the attached stores under the Express format. Ten years later over 600 Tesco/Esco stores can now be found across the UK. 2000s In October 2003 the company launched a UK telecoms division, comprising mobile and home phone service, to complement its existing internet service provider business. August 2004, it also launched a broadband service. In 2007 Tesco took part in a joint venture with O2 to from the Tesco Mobile virtual network operator in Ireland. In April 2009, Tesco announced that it had created a super tomato doesnt leak. We can see here that how Tesco change their strategy from beginning to until now. Other hand we can see Toscos almost entire relationship marketing strategy based on its Clubcard scheme. It has been able to use the Clubcard very effectively in addressing different customer segments and in attracting customers of all types. PESTEL Analysis http://www.learnmarketing.net/pestmarketing.jpg (access 17-12-09) PEST analysis shows the main external impacts of organization. PESTEL stands for political, economical, sociological, technological, ethical, and legal, in TESCO the following external will have great effects whether negatively or positively. Political: following the European integration and free trade Agreements, the market has opened up for British Companies to invest in Eastern Europe. Tesco already has 60 Hypermarket store in hungry. Economic: the Retail sector is fairly recession prawn and also very sensitive t change in interest rates. Since the events of September 11th the world economics have suffered heavily, stock plummeted and price is at all time lows. The world economy is however, now on the up post September 11th. Sociological: Change in consumer taste and lifestyle represent both opportunity and threats for the industry. Technological: change in retailing methods as such clothes sales via the internet is now a common place in retailing. Paperless operation, the management and administration of the company are undertaken on IT system, which are accessed through secure servers provide flexibility in the running of the business. Environmental: the threats are in terms of legal consequence for livestocks in terms of heath and safety. The renewal source of resource used in production, namely cotton and wool are environmentally friendly. Legal: the legal factor is national legislation for health and safety both in terms of consumer and also in terms of production of own natural renewable resource for making clothes. http://www.universitydissertations.com/Marketing/Tesco-Marketing-Strategy.php (access-07-01-2010) SWOT analysis of TESCO http://wc1.smartdraw.com/examples/content/Examples/06_Quality_Control/SWOT_Diagrams/SWOT_Diagram_-_Market_Analysis_L.jpg (access-07-01-2010) Strengths TESCO have secured commercial standing within the global market place wining Retailer of the Year 2008 at the World Retail Awards this can be used marketing campaigns to drive advantage towards the demographic base for future growth and sustainability. In an environment where global retail sales are showing decline or level performance on a like basis TESCO Group have published sales gain of 13% for UK markets and 26% growth in international markets. As a business looking for continued expansion TESCO have reserve funds of credit coupled with income derived from property portfolio development funds. Weaknesses TESCO finance profit levels were impacted through bad debt, credit card arrears and household insurance claims. TESCOs position as a price leader in UK markets can lead to reduced profit margins in order to retain the key price points on must have commercial items. Grocer outlets are not set up to operate as specialist in specific areas of product which can be capitalized on by other smaller bespoke retailer. Whilst current economic conditions suggest TESCO key value massage will succeeded there is a weakness in nonessential, mind to high ticket price items which will suffer from the rising cost of living and lower disposable incomes. Opportunities Statistics suggest TESCO is the third largest global grocer which indicates a level of buying power to ensure mainstream economies of scale. The acquisition of Homever provides the opportunity to develop the brand through Asia, specifically South Korea and further grow international markets for the group. The development of TESCO Direct through online and catalogue shopping will grow the use of technology, providing the launch pad for large non food based products with moderate to high margin returns and less focus on sale and margin per foot return to space. TESCO mobile have grown  ¼ million customer in 2008 and moved into profitable status suggesting further growth and development within this technological area can be developed. Threats UK and America markets have been affected by economic through the credit crunch Lower available income and strategic focus may need to change to lower priced basic products with less focus on higher priced brands suggesting a switch in price architecture. Rising raw material costs from both foods will impact profit margins overall. Changes to consumer buying behaviors require further analysis as technology develops consumers buying patterns change which will result in product areas requiring evaluation. For TESCO there is a persistent threat of takeover form the market leader Wal-Mart who has both means and motive to pursue such action. http://www.businessteacher.org.uk/business-resources/swot-analyis-database/tesco-swot-analysis/(access-07-01-2010) Another element of marketing mix People: People play c crucial role in the production and delivery of products and service. The physical presence of people performing the job is a vital aspect of customer satisfaction. The people mix issue: careful job selection careful policies of selection Institute programmers in staff training etc. Process: process involved the ways in which the markets task is achieved. The process mix: company policies accessibility service feature Capacity levels etc. Physical: The physical evidence relates to those aspects of the service provider that customer can see and fell so as to from an impression of the service or its provider. The physical evidence mix: logos colours equipment company vehicles labels Packaging etc. Three new marketing mixes also create importance in marketing. There fore Tescos marketing operation also effect by this new marketing mix. Conclusion Present time Tesco is the number one retail company in UK. They expand there business all over the world for example: China, India, Malaysia etc. TESCO have to understand that international marketing and domestic marketing both are complex process. Therefore they have to maintain their marketing progress and keep focusing on customer. In this report we try to show that how Tesco operate there marketing system, what is there aim, and what they can do. So TESCOs main objective is to take long term decision to make profit and also full-fill customer needs. Recommendation Based on this analysis we can say that TESCO doing vary well retail market in UK. Now they expand their business all over the world and for that TESCO need to care full about there marketing because different country has different type of customer and their needs also no same.

Child Development Study Essay -- physical emotional social development

Child Development Study For my child development study I am going to observe how a child shows their physical, emotional, social and intellectual development and skills. I will observe this child over a year and record their improvement of these skills. Physical Description I went to the child’s house on the 20th of February a 13:00pm, I was there for about 2 and a half hours. Her name Is Hilary and she is 3 years, 3 months and 3 weeks and 2 days. She was born on the 20th of November 2001. Hilary is 3ft 4 inches (101cm) and weighs 2 stone and 3lbs (31 lbs). The average height and weight of a 3 year old is 94cm and 31 lbs, Hilary is a normal size child because she weighs 3 lbs and is only 6cm taller than the average height. Her face is round and she has chubby cheeks. Light brown freckles dot around her face and around her nose. She has dark brown almond shaped eyes and a small button nose. Hilary has a mixed race complexion and dark brown hair tied back into twists to keep it out of her face. All of her primary teeth have grown, her first tooth was her top front incisor, and her last was her back molar just before her third birthday. Hilary has big feet, she is a small size 4 and has many different shoes. Her fingers are long and she has wide palms. Personality Hilary is a very friendly and out going child, when I went into her house for the first time she came up and sat beside me and showed me her ‘Noddy’ book. By doing this it showed that she isn’t really timid or shy of new/unfamiliar people. I asked Hilary what she was scared or frightened of and she told me she was scared of the dark and lions. When she said lions she squatted her legs and shouted raahhhh very loudly. Hilary was very liv... ... a pincer grasp when drawing and colours neatly with in the lines. For my second activity I done a drawing with Hilary, she had fine muscular control when she was drawing a lady bird. I helped her to write her name. My third activity was play dough, Hilary was not very keen on playing with the play dough at first because she didn’t like the feel of it. But when I started to roll the play dough Hilary joined in, she was able to roll the play dough in to little balls but wasn’t able to make the food out of the play dough. However I don’t think she understood what to do. We went into the garden and were picking up leaves ready to do my fourth activity, Hilary used her fine motor skills to pick up the leaves. My fifth activity was an obstacle course in Hilary’s front room, Hilary enjoyed this activity. She was able to climb, jump and crawl over the obstacles.

American Music and Culture

American Music and Culture: Jazz Dance Jazz dance, is defined as any dance to Jazz accompaniments, composed of a profusion of forms. Jazz dance paralleled the birth and spread of Jazz itself from roots in black American society and was popularized in ballrooms by the big bands of the swing era (1930s and '40s). It radically altered the style of American and European stage and social dance in the 20th century. The term is sometimes used more narrowly to describe popular stage dance (except tap dance) and Jazz-derived or Jazz-influenced forms of modern dance.It excludes social dances lacking Jazz accompaniment ?† the rumba and other Latin-American dances. The original steps were exemplified out in the plantations, and Jazz dance itself came about as a crossbreed of American culture, European Jigs and the music and movement were tradition of the African slaves. Jazz music obviously inspired some of the first documented Jazz dance choreography, and this further adds to the rich and diverse history of Jazz dance.Europe lent elegance to the technique; Africa gave it its movement and rhythm, and America allowed it to have the exposure and growing popularity that has sustained it as a cherished dance style today. Jazz dance developed from both 19th- and 20th- century stage dance and traditional black social dances and their white ballroom offshoots. On the stage, minstrel show performers in the 19th century developed tap dancing from a combination of Irish Jigging, English clog dancing, and African rhythmic stamping.Tap dance and such social dances as the cakewalk and shuffle became popular vaudeville acts and appeared in Broadway revues and musical comedies as these replaced vaudeville early in the 20th century. In addition, comedy, specialty, and character dances to Jazz rhythms became standard stage routines. By the 1940s elements of Jazz dance had appeared in modern dance and in motion picture choreography. The History of Jazz Dance During the early 1900's we find more and more blacks performing outside of the narrow stereotype of the minstrel show. Again the traveling shows spread the music and dance culture of black people far and wide.In addition to the spreading of culture, there was another important aspect to the events taking place: it was the beginning of the musical theatre. The black musical revue offered comedians, singers and dancers an opportunity to perform without making fun of their race. Out of such erformances, one became aware of new dance developments: cakewalks, grinds, comedy dance, etc. Another important factor in this discussion on the historical development of modern Jaz dance is always the constant dance involvement and development in the everyday lives of black people.Dance has always been a part of the expression of black people in church, at social gatherings, etc. Probably the social or vernacular dance, as Stearns calls it, is more important than any one particular form that evolved out of it. So as the da nce of the musical revue evolved, it was directly associated with and tied to the everyday dance of the people. Prior to 1900 there were such black shows as The South Before the War, The Creole Show, Oriental America, etc. Many of the dance movements associated with Jazz dance can be traced to Atrican intluences.Slaves captured in Atrica brought their dancing traditions across the Atlantic. Once in the new country, the African slaves continued to use dance as a means of self-expression and an emotional outlet, despite being forbidden to dance by their owners. Until the mid 1950s, the term â€Å"Jazz dance† often referred to tap dance, because tap dancing (set to Jazz music) was the main erformance dance of the era. During the later Jazz age, popular forms of Jazz dance were the Cakewalk, Black Bottom, Charleston, Jitterbug, Boogie Woogie, Swing dancing and the related Lindy Hop.Although the stage popularized certain social dances, many others were transmitted mainly in social gatherings. The dances that gave rise to social forms of Jazz dance developed from rural slave dances. In both early dances and 20th-century Jazz dances, there is a noticeable continuity of dance elements and motions. The eagle rock and the slow drag (late 19th century) as well as he Charleston and the Jitterbug have elements in common with certain Caribbean and African dances.In addition, the slow drag contributed to the fish of the 1950s; the ring shout, which survived from the 18th into the 20th century. After the 1950s, pioneers such as Katherine Dunham took the essence of Caribbean traditional dance and made it into a performing art. With the growing domination of other forms of entertainment music, Jazz dance evolved on Broadway into the new, smooth style that is taught today and known as Modern Jazz, while tap dance branched off to follow its own, separate evolutionary path.The performance style of Jazz dance was popularized to a large extent by Bob Fosses work, which is exe mplified by Broadway shows such as Chicago, Cabaret, Damn Yankees, and The Pajama Game. Modern Jazz dance continues to be an essential element of musical theatre, and it can often be seen in music videos and competitive dance. Jazz Dance Techniques Throughout its history, Jazz dance has developed in parallel to popular music. This pattern of development has resulted in a few elements of movement key to the dance style, the most important being that Jazz is they physical embodiment of the popular music of a given time.An example of this is that during a down time of Jazz dancing from 1945-1954, when big bands and dance halls were declining, the vernacular of the dance followed less Jazz music and leaned more toward rock and roll, creating moves like â€Å"The Monkey† and â€Å"The Jerk† Syncopated rhythm is a common characteristic in Jazz music that was adapted to Jazz dance in the early twentieth century and has remained a significant characteristic Isolations are a qu ality of movement that were introduced to Jazz dance by Katherine Dunham.Improvisation was an important element in early forms of Jazz dance, as it is an important element of Jazz music. A low center of gravity and high level of energy are other important identifying characteristics of Jazz dance. Jazz, tap and musical theatrical dance are â€Å"cousins. † These forms of dance are tied to everyday music, songs and rhythms. Jazz dance involves a range of lively, often sensuous body movement and percussion techniques, with a mix of tap steps, social dances and ballet.New forms of Jazz dance developed with new music, such as the Charleston, swing, rock and roll, and the Caribbean reggae. Other elements of Jazz dance are less common and are the stylizations of their respective choreographers one such xample are the inverted limbs and hunched-over posture of Bob Fosse. Fosse was an American actor, dancer, musical theater choreographer, director, screen- writer, tilm editor and til m director. He won an unprecedented eight Tony Awards tor choreography, as well as one for direction.He was nominated for an Academy Award four times, winning for his direction of Cabaret (beating Francis Ford Coppola for The Godfather). His third wife, Broadway legend Gwen Verdun, helped to define and perfect his unique and distinct style simply referred to today as â€Å"Fosse. â€Å". Jazz Dance Pioneers and African Americans Katherine Dunham was an anthropologist fascinated by dances of the Caribbean. She researched them and then devised her own style of dance and teaching methods. She went on to dance on Broadway and to form her own school.Her school in New York was very influential in the 1950s and her technique of pelvic and spine isolations is now a part of almost every Jazz class. Jerome Robbins was the greatest Broadway Jazz choreographer of our time. He dealt with action, humor and adolescent themes in his Broadway musicals and films. He choreographed Fancy Free and Wes tside Story among others. His choreography was powerful and appealed to huge audiences. His influence on Broadway is still felt today. Gus Giordano has received many awards for his outstanding lifetime contribution to Jazz dance.He has been involved in all facets of dance: dancer, teacher, choreographer, author, and founder of Gus Giordano Jazz Dance Center in Chicago. Giordano's book, Anthology of American Jazz Dance , was the first book of its kind and was instrumental in helping turn the study of Jazz dance into a respectable and important American dance form. Gus has been involved in dance for T. V. , film, stage and commercials. His companys current goals are to seek out talented new choreographers and dancers and highlight their work.Also to educate, as well as create, an awareness of Jazz dance as a true artistic expression of American life, both nationally and internationally. Major Events of Jazz Dance and Jazz Dance Today In 1931, when the New Negro Art Theatre presented a recital which included a suite of interpretive dances based on Southern spirituals, old limitations were defied and a precedent was established. 6 A pioneer black dancer in the interpretive field, Hemsely Winfield, was the moving spirit behind the program.The suite dealt with an area of black life which had never before been presented through dance on the stage. The subject matter and approach of the dance went beyond the scope of the black dance tradition and in doing so the suite set a precedent for future interpretive presentations of black music and dance. Vaudeville, or the variety show, was initially a European tradition of traveling performers moving from town to town with their skits, songs and dances. In America, this provided opportunity for a range of popular entertainers to thrive, such as Bill â€Å"Bojangles† Robinson a black tap dancer.Show ancers Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers blended flowing ballet movements with more abrupt rhythmic movements of Jazz. Conce rt Jazz dance developed as a revue or series of separate Jazz dance productions. Musical comedy/theatre evolved from variety shows. Themes, story lines and chorus work developed into the musical theatre we know today. Agnes de Mille, who choreographed Oklahoma, elevated the impo rtance ot dance in the theatre prod uction. Today, Jazz dance is present in many different forms and venues. Jazz dance is commonly taught in dance schools and performed by dance companies around the world.

Abortion - Pro-Choice essays

Abortion - Pro-Choice essays Abortion is one of the most controversial debated topics of this day and age. The reason for this surrounds the idea of whether the induced removal of the fetus is murder or rather in the best interest of the mother. Pro-life activists debate that all life in the instant of its conception is innocent and deserves a chance at life. They also believe that God chooses its time of life and death, not the mother. Pro-choice followers often argue in favor of science and the United States Constitutional Ninth Amendment, which holds freedom of choice sacred. The first patient is the mother, and she is the one who allows the pregnancy to happen or not. Personally, I am pro-choice; however, I am not pro-abortion. Pro-abortionists believe abortion is right for whatever reason the mother has, and basically acts as a sort of contraceptive. This displays a poor conscience and lack of responsibility. This paper will argue in favor of pro-choice while reinforcing the wrongs of pro-abortion . The strongest point of argument of pro-choice versus pro-life activists is the idea of when the fetus is living. For pro-life activists, there are two opinions. The first overwhelming opinion is that once the child is conceived, it is living. The second follows the idea that once a mother feels the child kick, which is around the eighth week, it is living. For pro-choice activists, scientific fact argues that the fetus is absolutely unable to sustain life outside the womans womb. (Planning Parenthood) The fetus creates no genuine brain wave activity until the third trimester of the pregnancy, and only instinctual electric impulses prior to that. Its cerebral cortex does not appear until the second trimester, thus meaning it can feel no pain in its first 12 weeks of gestation. Another conclusion scientists have reached is that all movement prior to the development of the cerebral cortex has no real pu ...

Free Essays on Stem Cell Issues

2 Should we as society condone embryonic stem cell research or condemn it? Which is the greater moral obligation? To protect embryos as a being, or to promote research to improve the quality of life for countless numbers of people affected by numerous diseases and conditions? The answers to these questions seem to be in the eye of the beholder which seems to differentiate very different opinions on the matter. Do We Protect Embryos as a Being? Scientifically speaking, an embryo begins as a blastocyst, which is a cluster of cells that forms approximately five to seven days after conception. Typically fertilization would occur within a woman’s womb. However no one is suggesting we harvest living cells from a woman’s womb. The embryonic stem cells viable for research are these from embryos that are created outside of the womb in fertility clinics fro the purposes of invitro fertilization. Many of these embryos are never used and eventually will be discarded of. As Zuckerman states in his article, the otherwise discarded embryos would create more than enough stem cell lines for scientists to use for research purposes. (2004) This is where the first question arises, do we protect embryos the same as a fully formed human life? In Zuckerman’s article he quotes U.S. Senator Orrin Hatch, one of 58, which seek a change in Presidents Bush’s policy on stem cell research saying â€Å"Only after an embryos transferred into a woman’s womb †¦..Is that natural capacity to become? 3 A person attained, and only then does the government gain an interest in protecting that entity.† In another article from the Wisconsin State Journal Steven S.Clark makes the argument that even before fertilization begins the sperm and... Free Essays on Stem Cell Issues Free Essays on Stem Cell Issues 2 Should we as society condone embryonic stem cell research or condemn it? Which is the greater moral obligation? To protect embryos as a being, or to promote research to improve the quality of life for countless numbers of people affected by numerous diseases and conditions? The answers to these questions seem to be in the eye of the beholder which seems to differentiate very different opinions on the matter. Do We Protect Embryos as a Being? Scientifically speaking, an embryo begins as a blastocyst, which is a cluster of cells that forms approximately five to seven days after conception. Typically fertilization would occur within a woman’s womb. However no one is suggesting we harvest living cells from a woman’s womb. The embryonic stem cells viable for research are these from embryos that are created outside of the womb in fertility clinics fro the purposes of invitro fertilization. Many of these embryos are never used and eventually will be discarded of. As Zuckerman states in his article, the otherwise discarded embryos would create more than enough stem cell lines for scientists to use for research purposes. (2004) This is where the first question arises, do we protect embryos the same as a fully formed human life? In Zuckerman’s article he quotes U.S. Senator Orrin Hatch, one of 58, which seek a change in Presidents Bush’s policy on stem cell research saying â€Å"Only after an embryos transferred into a woman’s womb †¦..Is that natural capacity to become? 3 A person attained, and only then does the government gain an interest in protecting that entity.† In another article from the Wisconsin State Journal Steven S.Clark makes the argument that even before fertilization begins the sperm and...

Human papillomavirus (HPV) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human papillomavirus (HPV) - Essay Example HPV only affects women. This report addresses the issue of HPV, how it affects human beings and assesses the value of vaccines available for prevention of this virus. The report is addressed to the Minister of Health. The first step that the Ministry of Health should take in addressing the issue of Human papillomavirus is to understand the virus as well as how it affects human beings. As a Minister of Health, it is inevitable to have a clear understanding of this virus. Human papillomavirus is virus from the papillomavirus family. It is sexually transmitted and is the most common STI. The virus is available in over 40 HPV types. The virus infects the genitals of both female and male. It causes a number of cancers which include cervical cancer, penis cancer, vagina cancer, vulva cancer among others. In fact, this virus causes cervical cancer, which is the second most common cancer in the world. Therefore, it is imperative that your Ministry should look into this issue and give it the weight that it deserves. Many people do not know about the virus despite being common. The reason as to why many people do not know much about it is the fact that they may not notice it when infected. About half of al l men have been infected by the virus at a given time in their life while 3 out of 4 women have had the infection. The HPVs that cause cancer are referred to as the high risk HPV. The next fact that your Ministry needs to be aware of is the manner with which the virus affects and how it spreads. First, it is necessary to note that about 5% of all cancers in the world are caused by the high risk HPV. In addition, almost all cervical cancers are caused by this virus. The types HPV 16 and HPV 18 are responsible for cervical cancer in women. Genital contact is the main method through which the virus is passed on from one person to another. It is necessary to note that the virus be passed on even between partners of the same sex if

Building and leading creative teams Research Paper

Building and leading creative teams - Research Paper Example Mayo’s motivation theory can therefore be applied in understanding another possible reason why Jeannie ceased to work as a freelancer and joined McTate & Mann advertising company. It is possible that Jeannie considered the social needs of being viewed as a career driven individual by the society by going to work rather than freelancing from home. Nonetheless, the main focus of Mayo’s motivational theory is the manner in which managers and leaders treat employees in relation to meting their social needs (Wilson & Madsen, 2008). It is evident that the social needs of both Jeannie and Sandy are met at the work place because they are happy with their work. The social needs of employees are further described by Maslow’s theory of motivation. According to Maslow’s theory, there are five distinct levels of human needs which should be met for them to feel motivated. The social needs of employees are postulated by Maslow within the third level of his hierarchy of needs. These include the sense of belonging and love needs (Wilson & Madsen, 2008). It can be depicted therefore that Sandy and Jeannie were motivated to leave their respective jobs for McTate & Mann because they needed to belong to a group. Moreover, Sandy and Jeannie needed to belong to a recognized company which met their needs for belonging. In addition to the social needs, the physiological needs are postulated in the first level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The physiological needs include hunger and thirst (Wilson & Madsen, 2008). Through a good pay at McTate & Mann, Sandy and Jeannie would not go hungry or thirst. Therefore this justifies their motiv ation to work with the advertising company rather than their previous jobs. Furthermore, Maslow’s theory of motivation postulates that employees are motivated if their safety needs are met (Viorel, Aurel, Virgil & Stefania,

Research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Research project - Essay Example does not cure AIDS or eliminate the virus from the body. Higher rates of success have been achieved with a cocktail of a variety of medications, including both protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors. "Efavirenz (Sustiva), another type of reverse transcriptase inhibitor, must be taken with protease inhibitors or older AIDS medicines. Opportunistic infections are treated with various antibiotics and antivirals, and patients with malignancies may undergo chemotherapy. These measures may prolong life or improve the quality of life, but drugs for AIDS treatment may also produce painful or debilitating side effects." (Muir, 1991) Protease inhibitors, first approved in 1995, were designed for use in combination with reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The AIDS cocktail or triple-combination therapy, consists of a protease inhibitor and two reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as AZT and 3TC. Protease inhibitors work by disrupting the HIV replication cycle. "Protease is another enzyme that is essential in the replication of HIV, but rather than acting on the process of genetic transcription, protease is necessary for breaking down viral proteins into the proper components for the maturation of new virus particles." In the absence of protease, the formation of viral proteins is incomplete, slowing the process of the virus. When taken together, the actions of reverse transcriptase inhibitors work in the early stages of the syndrome, while protease inhibitors interrupt processes in the final stages of maturation of new virus particles. (Henkel, 1999) Clinical trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of this combination therapy and resulted in an advancement in the... Elwood, William N., ed. Power in the Blood: A Handbook on AIDS, Politics, and Communication. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999. Questia. 9 Mar. 2007 . Mitchell, Christopher G., and Nathan L. Linsk. "A Multidimensional Conceptual Framework for Understanding HIV/AIDS as a Chronic Long-Term Illness." Social Work 49.3 (2004): 469+. Questia. 8 Mar. 2007 .

Why Are Drugs Classified in the Categories They Are Essay Example for Free

Why Are Drugs Classified in the Categories They Are Essay 1.Why are drugs classified in the categories they are? The term drug class generally refers to the area affected by a drug or its effect on the body (BIO-316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012). Many drugs can fit into more than one category, but they are usually classified by their therapeutic action. A drug’s therapeutic category refers to its purpose—the diseases or conditions it treats (Drug Classifications, 2013). Drugs can also be classified by the chemical type of the active ingredient. 2.Give a description of the actions of drugs in each category. Central Nervous System: Anticonvulsants: These drugs are used to control/prevent seizures in patients who have epilepsy, seizure disorders, traumatic brain injuries, or other cerebral disorders ((BIO-316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012). Antidepressants: These drugs are used to treat neurotransmitter deficiencies (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). It can take weeks for the drug to reach the appropriate blood level to have the desired effect. Antianxiety/sedative medications: These drugs are used to treat anxiety disorders and sleep disorders. Barbiturates and benzodiazepines enhance the actions of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gammaaminobutyruc acid. Agents in both classes are effective sedative-hypnotics , antianxiety agents, and anticonvulsants. (Olson, J., 2012). Antipsychotics: These are medications that are used to treat psychotic episodes and serious mental disorders (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Schizophrenia is an example of a psychotic disorder that can be treated with an antipsychotic medication. Anti emetics: These drugs treat nausea and vomiting and help control motion sickness (Olson, J., 2012). Cardiovascular drugs: Antihypertensives: These include diuretics which reduce blood pressure and edema by increasing urine production. (Olson, J., 2012). Antiadrenergics: These medications increase blood pressure by stimulating the heart and/or constricting peripheral blood vessels. (Olson, J., 2012). Vasodilators: These drugs help lower one’s blood pressure by dilating the blood vessels (Olson, J., 2012). Vasoconstrictors: These help increase one’s blood pressure by constricting the blood vessels (Olson, J., 2012). Anti-anginals: Nitrates dilate large myocardial arteries to increase blood supply to the  heart. They also reduce cardiac preload by reducing venous tone which allows blood pooling in the periphery (Olson, J., 2012). Anti-arrhythmias: These drugs influence cardiac conduction properties and may revert an abnormal rhythm to sinus rhythm (Olson, J., 2012). Anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and thrombolytics: Anticoagulants inhibit coagulation, antiplatelets prevent platelet aggregation and thrombolytics degrade clots that have already formed (Olson, J., 2012). All of these drugs need to be given carefully to avoid causing excessive bleeding. They should not be given to patients with ulcers, patients who are pregnant, or those who are suffering from a hemorrhagic stroke (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Lipid Lowering Agents: These drugs help one reduce blood cholesterol when diet and exercise control fail (Olson, J., 2012). Analgesic medications: Analgesic medications are commonly known as pain relievers. Many are over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Others are given to the patient by prescription for pain relief (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Narcotic medications stimulate central nervous system receptors known as opioid receptors and cause a decrease in the perception of pain. An overdose of narcotics can result in suppression of the respiratory system, leading to respiratory arrest (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alleviate pain associated with inflammation (e.g., Aleve). They are used to relieve arthritis and other joint pain. Acetaminophen is a common pain reliever that does not cause bleeding. It is often given instead of NSAIDs (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Antihistamines and Endocrine medications: Antihistamine medications block the immune responses of itching, hives, and swelling caused by the release of histamines. These are available OTC (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Diabetes and hypothyroidism are two glandular conditions that are often observed by the health care professional. Antidiabetic medications are necessary for patients who cannot balance their blood sugar and tissue sugar. Insulin is the medication prescribed for insulin-dependent diabetes (type-1 diabetes) (BIO-316V Module  Lecture, 2012). Hypothyroidism is controlled by common hormone preparations designed to enhance thyroid function. The most common of these is thyroxin (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Hyperthyroidism is typically controlled by a medication called methimazole and it inhibits transformation of inorganic iodine to organic iodine (Olson, J., 2012). Bronchodilators help open constricted airways in patients who have respiratory constriction such as asthma and/or COPD (Olson, J., 2012). Vasopressin is a drug which promotes reabsorption of water in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys and vasoconstricts blood vessels. Vasopressin and DDAVP are synthetic analogs of arginine vasopressin used to treat diabetes insipidus. (Olson, J., 2012). Desmopressin is used to treat acute epistaxis and GI hemorrhage and also used to maintain hemostasis during surgery in patients who have hemophilia A and Von Willebrand’s disease (Olson, J., 2012). Oxytocin induces contraction in the gravid uterus and promotes milk ejaculation from the post partum breast (Olson, J., 2012). Oral contraceptives hel p prevent pregnancy (Olson, J., 2012). Corticosteroids: These include Hydrocortisone, Prednisone, Prednisolone, Triamcinolone, Dexamethasone, and Fludrocortisone. These medications are typically used for respiratory issues such as asthma, and a few of them care also used as an anti-inflammatory agent to help reduce swelling and allow the patient to breathe better. Prednisone is the drug of choice for maintenance therapy of severe asthma. Prednisone doesn’t just help reduce swelling in the lungs; however, it can be used for other inflammatory issues all over the body (Olson, J., 2012). Anti infective agents: Antibiotics are drugs used to fight infections caused by bacteria. As their name implies, antibiotics are anti-life agents as far as bacteria are concerned (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Antifungal drugs are used to combat all sorts of fungal infections, from athletes foot to histoplasmosis. They are being used more often now in the combating of AIDS-related fungal infections (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Antiviral agents fight viral disease at the cellular level. Viruses enter into cells and propagate within them. Antibiotics have no effect on a virus once it has entered a cell. Antiviral agents are designed to interfere with the  replication of viruses (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Chemotherapy Agents: Chemotherapy is typically used to treat cancer. This is achieved by using a combination of drugs that are most toxic to the particular cancer cells of an individual patient. They are very potent and could be harmful to the caregiver (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). GI Agents: Antidiarrheals: These drugs help control diarrhea amd most are sold OTC, although there are a few that can be prescribed and are more potent than the OTC drugs (Olson, J., 2012). Laxatives: These drugs are the opposite of antidiarrheals, as they help a patient who is unable to have a bowel movement (Olson, J., 2012). Antacids provide symptomatic relief of gastric acid irritation (Olson, J., 2012). Anti ulcer drugs help treat or prevent ulcers by either neutralizing gastric acid or preventing the production of acid (Olson, J., 2012). 3.What is chemotherapy and which diseases are treated this way? Chemotherapy by definition is the combination of two or more drugs used to treat a disease (BIO-316V Module Lecture, 2012). Most anticancer agents act by inhibiting cell proliferation by either damaging DNA or preventing DNA repair (Olson, J., 2012). Chemotherapeutic regimens often consist of several agents that have different mechanisms of action and minimize overlapping toxic effects (Olson, J., 2012). Most anticancer drugs cause bone marrow suppression which is why bone marrow sparing drugs are often included in combination regimens (OIson, J., 2012). Chemotherapy is used to treat cancer. 4.Give examples of how contrast media are used to produce an image. Contrast studies provide some information that standard x-rays cannot. During a contrast study, you get a dose of a contrast material that outlines, highlights, or fills in parts of the body so that they show up more clearly on an x-ray. The contrast material may be given by mouth, as an enema, as an injection,or through a catheter put into various tissues of the body. For most of these tests, the images can be captured either on x-ray film or by a computer (American Cancer Society, 2013). An image is produced on a radiograph when the content of iodine in the blood is sufficient to  prevent the penetration of the photons emitted by the X-ray tube (BIO 316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012). 5.Compare ionic and non-ionic contrast media. Ionic contrast media carry the iodine to the organ that is to be visualized. In the chemical attachment of the iodine to the water molecule, positive cations are produced as a side effect. Non-ionic does not mean that the contrast media contain no iodine; rather, it means that non-ionic contrast media contain no positive cations to disrupt the balance of the blood plasma. The immune system does not recognize it as foreign matter and is usually not aroused (BIO 316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012). References: American Cancer Society, 2013. Retrieved on September 6, 2013 from http://www.cancer.org/treatment/understandingyourdiagnosis/examsandtestdescriptions/i magingradiologytests/imaging-radiology-tests-xrays BIO-316V Module 2 Lecture, 2012. Grand Canyon University. Drug Classifications, 2013. Anthem Education. Retrieved on September 6, 2013 from http://www.anthem.edu/pharmacy-technician-school/drug-classifications/